CROSSWORD

Ex.10. Use the clues to solve the puzzle

ACROSS
1. The note names of the spaces on a treble staff (from the bottom, up)
3. A double flat looks like these letters
5. Two quarters make a ... (Am.E.)
8. Half a quarter is an ... (Am.E.)
9. The clef that marks above middle C
12. Bars mark off each ...
13. 5 equidistant, parallel spaced lines
DOWN
2. The note names of the lines on a treble staff (from the bottom, up)
4. Half a half is a ... (Am.E.)
6. The note names of the spaces on a bass staff (from the bottom, up)
7. A letter in the music alphabet
10. A vertical line that indicates the end of a measure
11. Even no sound counts as a beat. These are marked with a ...

SPEAKING ACTIVITIES

Ex.11. JYou are participating in a student conference. Make a report on one of the following topics:

P History of musical notation

P Key signature

P Basic elements of musical notation

WRITING ACTIVITIES

Ex.12. ? Read the text and make summary of it.

Elements of the staff

A staff (in British English, also stave) is generally presented with a clef, which indicates the particular range of pitches encompassed by the staff. A treble clef placed at the beginning of a line of music indicates that the lowest line of the staff represents the note E above middle C, while the highest line represents the note F one octave higher. Other common clefs include the bass clef (second G below middle C to A below middle C), alto clef (F below middle C to G above middle C) and tenor clef (D below middle C to E above middle C). These last two clefs are examples of C clefs, in which the line pointed to by the clef should be interpreted as a middle C. in a similar fashion, the treble clef points to a G and the bass clef points to an F.

In early music, the clef was written as a letter and its location on the staff was chosen by the writer. The treble clef and bass clef used today are stylized versions of the letters G and F respectively. Their locations are now standardized. Unusual clefs are used for certain requirements, such as the low G clef used for classical guitar music and tenor parts in choral music.

Following the clef, the key signature on a staff indicates the key of the staff by specifying certain notes to be held flat or sharp throughout the piece, unless otherwise indicated. The key signature is presented in the order of the circle of fifth, with flats B-E-A-D-G-C-F and sharps in the opposite order, F-C-G-D-A-E-B.

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