• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
• Історія України
• Кримінально виконавче право
• Медична радіологія
• Методи аналізу
• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Text A. DUAL COURT SYSTEM

1. America has a dual court system: two independent but interrelated judicial schemes, one at the national level and the other at the state. The end result is fifty-one separate court systems – one for the national government and fifty different ones in the states. The dual court system mirrors the federal system of government in the United States, which divides powers between the national government and the state governments, with each legally supreme in its own sphere. The two levels of government share other powers, such as taxation and penalizing violators of their respective laws. Applying the federal principle to the courts, federal courts have exclusive power over violations of federal criminal law, and state courts have the exclusive right to try those accused of breaking state laws.

2. The division of responsibilities is not as clear-cut as it looks, however, because some judicial powers are shared by both state and federal courts. Civil suits between citizens of different states may be heard by either a state or a federal court. The possession of narcotics or the interstate transportation of a kidnap victim violates both state and federal laws, which means that the accused may be tried twice – notwithstanding the prohibition on double jeopardy. In addition, de­fendants convicted in state courts may appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, a federal court. Defendants convicted in state courts may also seek further review of their cases in federal courts by filing a writ ofhabeas corpus (a claim that the person is being held illegally).

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