• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
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• Економічна теорія
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• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Text B. TRIAL COURTS

Virtually all cases, whether civil or criminal, begin in a trial court. If the case is a criminal one, the trial court arraigns the defendant, sets bail, conducts a trial (or takes a guilty plea), and imposes sentence if the defendant is found guilty. If the case is a civil one, the trial court operates in much the same fashion, ensuring that each party is properly informed of the complaint, conducting a trial or accepting an out-of-court settlement, and awarding damages. Because only trial courts hear disputes over facts, it is only in trial courts that witnesses appear. Trial courts are considered finders of fact, and the decision of a judge (or jury) about a factual dispute normally cannot be appealed. (In Louisiana and Wisconsin, howev­er, trial court findings of fact in civil cases are appealable.) In theory, every trial court decision may be appealed, but most cases are settled without a trial, so appeals are rarely filed.

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