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Reviewing and reciting the text.

Take 5-6 minutes to review and recite the text with the help of the following context clues:

a) Numerical statements, such as "There are two reasons ...".

b) Rhetorical questions.

c) Introductory summaries: "Let me first explain..."; "The topic which I intend to discuss is interesting because...".

d) Development of an idea, signalled by statements such as: "Another reason..."; "On the one hand..."; "Therefore..."; "Since..."; "In addition..."; etc.

e) Transitions, such as "Let us turn our attention to..."; "If these facts are true, then..."; etc.

f) Chronology of ideas, signalled by "First... "; "The next..."; "Finally...,"; etc.

g) Emphasis of ideas, such as "This is important because..."; "The significant results were..."; "Let me repeat..."; etc.

h) Summary of ideas, signalled by "In conclusion...; As I have shown... "; etc.

Section 2. Grammar workout

Common verbs that take verbal objects

Verbs used with Gerunds:admit, avoid, deny, enjoy, finish, justify, quit, recommend, suggest,

understand.

Verbs used with infinitives:agree, allow, arrange, attempt, cause, choose, decide, enable, hope, instruct, know (how), learn (how), permit, persuade, require, seem, teach (how), tell, use, warn.

Infinitives are used withhave, and bare infinitives are used with let and make: I have to do my research paper by next Monday. The professor won’t let us waste time on this experiment. Necessity makes you look for options.

Gerunds, by their meaning,are verbal nouns and, as such, are generally used as subjects or objects of verbs or as objects of prepositions. Infinitives can also be subjects and objects.

Playing (to play) cards is enjoyable, (gerund as subject of a verb).

He enjoys going to good restaurants, (gerund as object of a verb).

He avoids eating junk food, (gerund as object of a verb).

He passes the time by playing cards, (gerund as object of a preposition).

You can solve this problem by using a computer, (gerund as object of a preposition).

Note: All two- and three-word verb phrases that can be followed by verbals are used with gerunds, not infinitives. This is true even when theverb phrase ends with the word to.

I am looking forward to visiting with you next summer.

I cannot agree to going to New Orleans.

My partner is opposed to our participating in this deal.

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7. B. Match the definitions with the italicized words and phrases from the text.
8. B. Read and translate the text.
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10. B. Read and translate the text.
11. B. Read and translate the text.
12. B. Read and translate the text.

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