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B/ The topic is the subject area the author chooses to bring her/his idea to the reader. Identify the main topic of the text.

1. Alternation as a form of codeswitching.

2. Comparison of LaRa to other multilingual modes.

3. The intercultural communicative situation.

4. Receptive multilingual discourse.

5.Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic communication.

c/ The purpose of the text is what the author wants the reader to believe in. Does the writer want you to believe that:

1. Turkish immigrants in Germany use insertional codeswitching?

2. LaRa promotes the idea of cultural and linguistic diversity by addressing two languages simultaneously?

3. Codeswitching is common in many bi- and multilingual communities the world over?

4. The two main forms of codeswitching are insertion and alternation?

5. In LaRa speakers apply additional competencies, or repertoires, in order to monitor the way hearers activate their 'passive knowledge' and understanding?

Identifying the key words of the text.

• Step 1. Select 3 key words out each paragraph making it 24 key words for the whole text.
• Step 2. Limit the number of selected key words and word combinations down to 5.

Identifying patterns of text organization.

Identify description, step-by-step explanation, directions, comparison and contrast, analysis, analogy, and definition in the following paragraphs:

1. In LaRa, one distinguishes between hearer's and speaker's competencies. The hearer's component of LaRa consists of all processes that actualise and intensify the hearer's competencies. These linguistic means comprise nonverbal signals that steer the speaker's production, prosodic elements expressing the whole range from agreement to disagreement, formulaic expressions.

2. On the other hand, the speaker's LaRa lists strategies such as reformulations, repairs, recapitulations, rephrasings and other types of meta-discourse elements. Accommodation processes, in particular, lead to lexical and morphological adaptations towards what speakers imagine hearers would be able to better understand in their recipient language.

3. The two main forms codeswitching takes are referred to as insertion and alternation. In insertion, the sentence is clearly in one of the two languages but one or more of the words is from the other language. An English sentence with a French word in it is a case of insertion. Most of the time, the inserted words will be a content word, i.e. a noun, verb or adjective. This betrays one of the main reasons why people use this way of speaking: the words from the other language name useful concepts that the base language has no word of its own for.

Find in the text at least one example per each pattern of text organization: description, step-by-step explanation, directions, comparison and contrast, analysis, analogy, and definition.

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