• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
• Історія України
• Кримінально виконавче право
• Медична радіологія
• Методи аналізу
• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

The old alphabets. Major written records.

The OE alphabet’s letters:

1. the runes (‘secret’):

a. germanic tribes;

b. each symbol – a separate word.

2. the letters of the Latin alphabet:

§ i and j, w and v were not distinguished;

§ k, q, x and w were not used.

§ Each letter – a separate sound;

§ Letters – short/long – line above the letter.

Records: description on a box – “Franks lasket; on a stone “Ruthwell Cross”.

Rules of letters in Latin alphabet:

1. f, s, Þ/đ – voiced fricatives between vowels + between a vowel and a voiced consonant:

Eg: ofer [‘over]

Rīsan [‘rizan]

Ōđer [‘ođer].

Otherwise they’re voiceless.

2. 3 – [g] – initially before back vowels;

[j] – before/after front vowels;

[г] – between back vowels;

[g’] – when preceded by ‘c’.

Eg: 3ān, dœ [j].

3. h – [x] – between a back vowel and a

consonant; initially before

consonants.

[x’] – next to front vowels.

Eg: mi[x’]t, mi[x]te.

4. n – [n] – all positions except, when

followed by [k], [g].

[ŋ] – followed by [k], [g].

Eg: [n]iht, se[gg]an.

Major spelling changes in ME.

1. Runic letters – thorn Þ, d, đ → digraph ‘TH’.

2. the rune ‘wynne’ → ‘double u’ – w;

3. the ligatures œ, æ fell into disuse.

4. the use of g, c as [dg], [s] – before

front vowel;

[g], [k] – before back

vowel.

5. sh, ssh, sch → [∫];

6. hw → wh: Eg: hwæt – what - replacement.

7. long sound – double letters. Eg: book.

8. gh [x], [x’] to distinguished between the fricatives

[xx’] and the aspirate [h] Eg: knyhte [knix’t], he [he].

9. o → [o],

[u] + n, m, v. Eg: OE munuc – ME monk.

10. y → [i] – eg: nyne, very, my.

[j] – at the beginning: eg: yet.

11. w-interchangeable with ‘u’ in ‘ou’, ‘au’. Eg: ME down – down [dun];

how [hu].

12. th, s are voiced between vowels: eg:

worthy [wurđi];

are voiceless – initially, finally: less.

Читайте також:

1. A written constitution
2. A. Major Characteristics Of Culture
3. B) major surgery
4. Compose a written report about the airplane parts. Use this visual to describe the functions of airplane parts. Organize your material into a definite structure.
5. Do the suggested exercises and check them with the key (written work).
6. Early Middle English Written Records
7. Establishment of the Written Standard
8. Exercise 17. Make a brief written summary of text 4.
9. Exercise 18. Make a brief written summary of text 4.
10. Exercise 21. Translate text 3 in the written form.
11. Grammars written by women
12. Harry couldn’t feel too excited about this. He didn’t think the Dursleys would like him any better in Majorca than they did on Privet Drive.

Переглядів: 474