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The old alphabets. Major written records.

The OE alphabet’s letters:

1. the runes (‘secret’):

a. germanic tribes;

b. each symbol – a separate word.

2. the letters of the Latin alphabet:

§ i and j, w and v were not distinguished;

§ k, q, x and w were not used.

§ Each letter – a separate sound;

§ Letters – short/long – line above the letter.

Records: description on a box – “Franks lasket; on a stone “Ruthwell Cross”.

Rules of letters in Latin alphabet:

1. f, s, Þ/đ – voiced fricatives between vowels + between a vowel and a voiced consonant:

Eg: ofer [‘over]

Rīsan [‘rizan]

Ōđer [‘ođer].

Otherwise they’re voiceless.

2. 3 – [g] – initially before back vowels;

[j] – before/after front vowels;

[г] – between back vowels;

[g’] – when preceded by ‘c’.

Eg: 3ān, dœ [j].

3. h – [x] – between a back vowel and a

consonant; initially before

consonants.

[x’] – next to front vowels.

Eg: mi[x’]t, mi[x]te.

4. n – [n] – all positions except, when

followed by [k], [g].

[ŋ] – followed by [k], [g].

Eg: [n]iht, se[gg]an.

Major spelling changes in ME.

1. Runic letters – thorn Þ, d, đ → digraph ‘TH’.

2. the rune ‘wynne’ → ‘double u’ – w;

3. the ligatures œ, æ fell into disuse.

4. the use of g, c as [dg], [s] – before

front vowel;

[g], [k] – before back

vowel.

5. sh, ssh, sch → [∫];

6. hw → wh: Eg: hwæt – what - replacement.

7. long sound – double letters. Eg: book.

8. gh [x], [x’] to distinguished between the fricatives

[xx’] and the aspirate [h] Eg: knyhte [knix’t], he [he].

9. o → [o],

[u] + n, m, v. Eg: OE munuc – ME monk.

10. y → [i] – eg: nyne, very, my.

[j] – at the beginning: eg: yet.

11. w-interchangeable with ‘u’ in ‘ou’, ‘au’. Eg: ME down – down [dun];

how [hu].

12. th, s are voiced between vowels: eg:

worthy [wurđi];

are voiceless – initially, finally: less.

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