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The Germanic languages in the modern world, their classification. Their common ancestor.

Germanic languages

1. English:

a. GB – Лондон;

b. Ireland – Дублин;

c. The USA – Вашингтон;

d. Canada – Отава;

e. Australia – Канберра;

f. New Zealand – Веллингтон.

2. German:

a. Germany – Берлин;

b. Austria – Вена;

c. Luxemburg – Люксембург.

3. Netherlandish: The Netherlands - Амстердам.

4. Danish: Denmark –Копенгаген.

5. Swedish:

a. Sweden – Стокгольм.

b. Finland – Хельсинки.

6. Norwegian: Norway – Осло.

7. Ice Landic: Iceland – Рейкъявик.

8. Frisian:

a. The Netherlands;

b. Germany

9. Faroese: The Faroe Islands

10. Yiddish: different countries.

11. Afrikaans: The SAR – Еханасбург.

PG is the ancestor: it’s supposed to have split from related IE tongues sometime between 15-10^th cent BC.

Later it broke:

1. East Germanic;

2. North Germanic;

3. West Germanic.

EG was formed by the tribes who returned from Scandinavia → Gothic that’s dead now and this subgroup has no living languages.

NG: The Tautens gave rise to this subgroup:

1. Norwegian;

2. Icelandic;

3. Danish;

4. Faroese;

5. Swedish.

WG:

1. English;

2. German;

3. Netherlandish;

4. Afrikaans;

5. Yiddish;

6. Frisian.

Major changes in the word formation in the ME.

Word formation into 2 groups:

1. word derivation: - the suffixation – the most productive way. Most suf. have survived. Eg: -er-, -ist-, -ness-, -ship-, -ment-, -tion-. In ME many OE prefixes fell into disuse. The the use of them grew again. NE prefixes came from foreign sources: Eg: out-, min-, un-.

2. word comparison:

a. 2 noun stems. Eg: godson, football.

b. a verbal noun. Eg: working day;

c. verbal stems. Eg: breakfast.

d. verb stem + adverb. Eg: breakdown.

Historical foundations of Modern English spelling.

OE spelling: only few letters indicated more than one sound.

ME had become more ambiguous.

The dictionaries and grammar fixed the written forms of the words as obligatory.

Early NE: borrowed words brought digraphs – ph, ps, ch.

NE sound changes:

1. Short vowels:

[æ] – cat, man – a>æ;

[э] – after w – was, want – wa>wэ

[e] – ea – before d, th – head, death – ε:

> е: > e;

[u] – oo – before t, k – foot, book – o:

>u:>u.

[л] – o, u – come, nut u>л

oo – before d – flōōd – o:>u:>u >л.

[ə] – er-, -re-, -or – reader - ər > ə;

2. Long vowels:

[i:] – ee, ie, e, ea – meet, he –е :>

i: >ε:> i:;

[a:] – ar – arm – ar > a:;

a before st, nt, ft – plant – a > a :.

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