Додаткова література

1. Павліченко О. М. Англійська мова. Граматичний практикум. – Х.: Ранок, 2011. – 304 с.

2. Betty Azar. Basic English Grammar. – Pearson Longman, 2005. – 500 c.

3. David Rieley. Practical Grammar. – Heinle, 2010. – 272 c.

4. Fiona Davis. Active Grammar. – Cambridge, 2011. – 200 c.

5. Marjorie Fuchs. Grammar Express. - Pearson Longman, 2003. – 420 c.

6. Virginia Evans. Round-Up. - Pearson Longman, 2011. – 190 c.

§ 1Розгляньте таблицю 16 і порівняйте утворення та вживання активного та пасивного станів:

Table 16 – Active / Passive Voice – comparison

	ACTIVE Підмет – суб’єкт дії	PASSIVE Підмет – об’єкт дії
Present Indefinite дія є повторюваною, відбувається завжди, постійно, часто або інколи	I / you / we / they + V she / he / it + Vs Do you V? We don’t V. Does she V? He doesn’t V. We usually use anti-virus programs to detect and remove viruses.	I am + V3 he / she / it + is +V3 you /we / they + are + V3 Is she V3? They are not V3. Anti-virus programs are usually used to detect and remove viruses.

Продовження таблиці 16

	ACTIVE Підмет – суб’єкт дії	PASSIVE Підмет – об’єкт дії
Past Indefinite дія відбулася у визначений час у минулому	I / you / we / they / she / he / it + V2 (Ved). Did you V? Did she V? We didn’t V. He didn’t V. We used an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses yesterday.	I / he / she / it + was + V3 you /we / they + were + V3 Was she V3? Was he V3? They were not V3. An anti-virus program wasused yesterday to detect and remove viruses.
Future Indefinite дія є прогнозом, передбаченням щодо майбутнього	I /he / she / it / you /we / they + will+ V. Will she V? Will they V? They will not V. We will use an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses tomorrow.	I /he / she / it / you /we / they + will be + V3 Will she be V3? They will not be V3. An anti-virus program will beused tomorrow to detect and remove viruses.
Present Continuous тривала дія, що відбувається в момент мовлення	I am + Ving he / she / it + is +Ving you /we / they + are + Ving Is she Ving? Are they Ving? They are not Ving. We areusing an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses now.	I am being + V3 he / she / it + is being +V3 you /we / they + are being + V3 Is she being V3? They are not being V3. An anti-virus program is beingused now to detect and remove viruses.
Past Continuous тривала дія, що відбувалася в певний момент у минулому	I / he / she / it + was + Ving you /we / they + were + Ving Was she Ving? Were they Ving? They were not Ving. We wereusing an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses at this time yesterday.	I /he / she / it was being + V3 you /we / they + were being + V3 Was she being V3? They were not being V3. An anti-virus program was beingused to detect and remove viruses at this time yesterday.
Future Continuous тривала дія, що відбуватиметься в якийсь момент або період часу в майбутньому	I / he / she / it / you /we / they + will be + Ving Willshe be Ving? Willthey be Ving? They will not be Ving. We will beusing an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses at this time tomorrow.	--------

Продовження таблиці 16

	ACTIVE Підмет – суб’єкт дії	PASSIVE Підмет – об’єкт дії
Present Perfect дія відбулася до моменту мовлення і результат її у теперішньому часі є очевидним	I/ you /we / they + have + V3 he / she / it + has + V3 Has she V3? Have we V3? She has not V3. They have not V3. We have already used an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses.	I/ you /we /they + have been + V3 he / she / it + has been+ V3 Has she beenV3? Have we been V3? She has not beenV3. They have not been V3. An anti-virus program has already beenused to detect and remove viruses.
Past Perfect дія відбулася і завершилася в минулому, до іншої минулої дії	I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + had + V3 Had she V3? Had we V3? She had not V3. They had not V3. We had already used an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses by that time yesterday.	I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + had been + V3 Had she been V3? Had we been V3? She had not been V3. They had not beenV3. An anti-virus program had already beenused to detect and remove viruses by that time yesterday.
Future Perfect майбутня дія, що закінчиться до певного моменту або до початку іншої дії в майбутньому	I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + will have + V3 Will she have V3? Will we have V3? She will not have V3. They will not have V3. We will haveused an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses by this time tomorrow.	I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + will have been + V3 Will she have been V3? Will we have been V3? She will not have beenV3. They will not have been V3. An anti-virus program will have beenused to detect and remove viruses by this time tomorrow.

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