Varying Skills Make Difference

Whatever the truth of the aphorism that a mother's place is in the wrong, it seems that working mothers, at least, are in the wrong place. Or so concludes the Women and Work Commission (WWC), whose long-awaited report on the causes of the "gender pay gap", the difference between men's and women's hourly earnings, was published on February 27th. The commission found that the pay gap (British women in full-time work currently earn 17% less per hour than men) was due not so much to a pattern of paying women less than men for doing the same job as to something far harder to root out. Women are making the wrong choices early in their careers and sliding into dead-end part-time jobs after they have children, with serious consequences for their lifetime earnings.

A few days earlier, the European Commission brought out its own report on the pay gap across the whole European Union. Its findings were similar: per hour, European women earn 15% less than men. In America, the difference in median weekly payis around 20%. According to the WWC, the gender pay gap opens early. Boys and girls study different subjects in school, and boys' subjects lead to more lucrative careers. They then takedifferent degrees and work in different sorts of jobs. As a result, average hourly pay for a woman at the start of her working life is only 91% of a man's, even though nowadays she is probably better qualified.

The gap widens to a chasm during women's working lives, for a fundamental biological reason: motherhood. According to the Institute for Fiscal Studies (ifs), a research outfit, the hourly pay of women with children relative to that of men with children falls to 67%. And the Institute for Public Policy Research recently calculated that a woman with middling skills who has a baby at age 24 loses £564,000 ($981,000) in lifetime earnings compared with one who remains childless.

The Labour government sees affordable child care as crucial to narrowing the pay gap. The Conservatives are following suit, trying to re-position themselves as modern and woman-friendly. But most British women do not want to work full-time and park their babies in nursery care all day, as mothers in some countries do. They would prefer to work part-time while their children are young, and perhaps have their partners do likewise. (Around two-thirds of British women with children under 11 work part-time.) Often, though, they cannot do this in their current jobs, but must move to a lower-paid, lower-skilled job, or leave the workforce altogether.

Too often this move to the "mummy track" is irreversible. One could argue that people should not be protected from the consequences of their own choices. But female workers are needed to pick up the demographic slack as society ages, and low paywill make work seem less appealing to them. Rising divorce rates mean that women – and their children – are having to rely more on women's earnings, or on the state. Low pay for women increases poverty among children and costs taxpayers money. Families where both partners work are less vulnerable to sudden shocks. Ceri Peach, a professor of social geography at Oxford University, has examined employment and other characteristics of British Muslims and come to the conclusion that their socio-economic marginalization is largely down to low rates of female employment.

There is also good evidence that not all the errors women make are unforced. The Women and Work Commissioners declared themselves shocked by the careers advice and work experience on offer in British schools. Girls were often allowed to give up maths and science without any warning about the consequences for their future earnings. They were offered work experience in nurseries and hairdressers-even when they had expressed no interest in working in these fields. And careers advisers often didn't even mention pay levels in different jobs. So the proposals to improve subject choices, careers advice and work experience make a lot of sense.

Since 2003, companies have had to give serious consideration to employees (female and male) with children under six who request flexible working hours. Many employees have taken up this "right to request": nearly one in five working women and one in ten men. It is still too early to tell whether the new law is making a difference to working patterns, but there is clearly the potential for a change. Without it, Stendhal's lament will continue to have resonance: that geniuses born as women are lost to the public good.

(The Source: adapted from www.economist.com/node/5577379 ).

C. Choose the sentence or phrase which best summarizes each paragraph:

Para 1.

a) the causes of the "gender pay gap”

b) the wrong choices

c) working mothers are in the wrong place

Para 2.

a) statistics of the European Commission

b) the reasons of “gender pay gap”

c) the state of affairs in different countries

Para 3.

a) the main biological reason – motherhood

b) difference in earnings of a woman with a child and one who remains childless

c) statistics about earnings

Para 4.

a) political parties care about women

b) choices of British women

c) statistics about British women with children under 11

Para 5.

a) the "mummy track" is irreversible

b) the demographic reasons

c) socio-economic marginalization is largely down to low rates of female employment

Para 6.

a) British schools are to blame

b) the most important is the aim to improve subject choices, careers advice and work experience

c) the importance to know pay levels in different jobs

Para 7.

a) flexible working hours are of vital importance

b) the necessity of a new law

c) geniuses born as women are lost to the public good

D. Read the text again and answer the questions below:

1. What is the main cause of “the gender pay gap”?

2. Do you agree with the point of view that not all universities degrees lead to lucrative careers? Why?

3. What choices do usually women make in their working lives?

4. How can secondary schools help to change the situation?

5. What crucial steps must be taken to narrow the pay gap?

6. Should companies consider different work patterns for their employees with small children? Why?

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