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Comparison and Contrast

Another major logical method of organizing written data is COMPARISON and CONTRAST. Actually this is really TWO methods, but they are so closely related that they are usually considered together as a pair. COMPARISON is a statement or estimate of likenesses and similarities, while CONTRAST deals with differences and dissimilarities. COMPARISON and CONTRAST are often found in the same composition. Often in writing comparison and contrast it is necessary to make a SYNTHESIS, that is, to combine information from more than one source.

When we COMPARE, we talk or write about SIMILARITIES; when we CONTRAST, we talk or write about DIFFERENCES.

Exercise 25. Consider the followinginformation about two U.S. Presidents, Washington and Lincoln. Group the data into two classes: likenesses and differences.

1.Lincoln is credited freeing the slaves.

2.Washington was a military man and a gentleman farmer.

3.As a farmer, Washington was a slave owner.

4.Lincoln's early life was marked by poverty.

5.Lincoln was President during the U.S. Civil War.

6.Washington was the fourth son of a rich Virginia family.

7.At the end of the Revolutionary War Washington became the 1^st President of the U.S.

8.Lincoln was trained as a lawyer.

Write two statements of CONTRAST about the two Presidents.

Write two statements of COMPARISONS about the two Presidents.

Structure Vocabulary

To Compare: similar to at the same rate as

similarly as

like, alike just as

likewise in like manner

correspond to in the same way

correspondingly to have ________ in common

resemble common characteristics resemblance to be parallel in _______

almost the same as

To Contrast: differ from unlike

however in contrast (to)

otherwise in opposition (to)

still on the contrary

nevertheless on the opposite side

even so on the other hand

dissimilarly a larger percentage than

different from a smaller percentage than

less than at a different rate from

more than although

faster than, etc. while

Exercise 26. Comparison and Contrast (Government).

The information which follows is randomly arranged.

1.It is possible for U.S. President to be of one major political party while the majority of senators and members of the House of Representatives belong to the opposing party.

2.The British Parliament has two houses, the House of Commons and House of Lords.

3.Members of the House of Lords hold hereditary titles, are clergyman, or hold non-hereditary life peerages granted by the King or Queen for outstanding service.

4.The House of Commons has in excess of 600 members.

5.The House of lords has about 875 members.

6.Members of the House of Commons are elected from districts; each district has about the same population.

7.General elections must be held every five years for all members of the House of Commons.

8.The King or Queen appoints as a Prime Minister the leader of the party that has the most members in the newly elected House of Commons.

9.The Prime Minister chooses his cabinet.

10.The King or Queen has the right to veto laws but this right has not been used since 1714.

11.Cabinet members of the British government must be members of the House of Lords or House of Commons.

12.The House of Lords is not as powerful as the House of Commons.

13.The U.S. Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional.

14.Great Britain has no written constitution.

Write a composition in which you Compare or Contrast the government of the US and the British parliamentary system.

Cause and Effect

It is also an important method of logical organization. A cause and effect explains why something happens. Cause and effect relationships are often related to chronological order in that the result usually follows the cause in time. Don't confuse the two relationships. Not every chronological sequence is CAUSE and EFFECT.

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