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Semantic Syntax

Semantic Syntax is represented by the names of Charles McCawley, W. Chafe, Russian linguists O.I.Moskalskaya and V.V.Bogdanov.

Semantic syntax describes sentences in terms of propositions, semantic structures (= deep structures), predicates and arguments. Relations between predicates and arguments are analysed in terms of deep cases: agentive case, objective case, instrumental case, locative case, beneficiary case, etc.

I open the door is a proposition. It’s semantic structure is as follows : the predicate is open; arguments are I and the door. I and open are connected by the agentive case; open the door by objective case as the door is an object. In the proposition The door opened. the door is logically an object, though grammatically it’s a subject, so that is an objective case. In the proposition The hammerbroke the window the hammer logically is an instrument, broke is the predicate, the window is an object.

The present day trend is textual linguistics and intertextual linguistics. They describe discourse, its generation and relations between sentences and texts The linguistic scene is dominated by traditionalism, structuralism, behaviorism, functionalism, transformationalism, generativism, poststructuralism, cognitivism.

On the eve of the XXI- st century linguistics is flourishing throughout the world, but much is in flux to predict newer theories with any confidence.

Methods of Linguistic Analysis

Modern grammar operates with a whole inventory of methods.

Parsing (Traditional Syntactic Analysis)

Parsing means dividing a sentence into the main and secondary parts by putting questions. This long-standing procedure proves at times inadequate (powerless, ineffective). Putting questions to the sentence People hate unreasonably we receive the following analysis Who? – people (the subject),What do they do? – hate {the predicate}, How? - unreasonably (an adverbial modifier of manner). Very often, in the structures carrying ambiguous parts or elements of ambiguous reference we can put more than one question to one and the same element. In the sentence He left the car with the girl. We can put 3 questions to the element underlined ( Whom did he leave the car with? What car did he leave? How did he leave the car?

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1. Compare the meanings of the given words. Define what semantic features are shared by all the members of the group and what semantic properties distinguish them from each other.
2. Conversion is the main way of forming verbs in Modern English. Verbs can be formed from nouns of different semantic groups and have different meanings, e.g.
3. Divergences in the semantic structure of words
4. History of language and linguistic typology: the typological status of Old English vs Modern English. The significance of syntax in the course of the history of English
5. MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX
6. Semantic Modelling of the Sentence
7. SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN PHRASEOLOGY
8. Semantic trends in grammar.
9. Semantically completely (doorbell)
10. The classification of phraseological units based on the semantic principle.
11. The logical classification of semantic change

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