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The Method of Deep and Surface Structures

This method is primarily associated with the name of N. Chomsky. It is based on the notions of deep and surface structures. A surface structure is observable, while a deep structure is unobservable. It is a purely logical structure, underlying a surface structure. Deep structures are revealed transformationally. These are simple, subject- and- predicate structures, roughly comparable with kernels. Underlying surface structures, they convey semantic relations which are deeply hidden.

The sphere of the application of the method is as large as that of the transformational method. One surface structure can be analyzed in terms of several deep structures to reveal explicit and implicit predicative lines. (The invisible Got has created the visible world => The God is invisible. The world is visible. The God created the world).

With the help of it we can analyze 1. Identical structures, feeling their semantic differences (John is eager to please => John pleases somebody; John is easy to please => Somebody pleases John); 2. the nature of the double predicate (The moon rose red =>The moon rises. The moon is red. In the second transform the formerly implicit predicate red is made explicit; 3. the nature of the predicate of double orientation ( He is said to come => They say. He comes. We see that the two parts of this predicate refer to different subjects, one of which being beyond the borders of the sentence under analysis); 4. semantic and syntactic syncretism (It is dark and raining => It is dark. It is raining . The former is is an explicit link- verb and the latter is is an implicit auxiliary, forming a continuous form); 5. the mechanism of ambiguity (Flying planes can be dangerous =>A plane flies. It is dangerous. I fly a plane. It is dangerous; The king’s portrait => The king has a portrait of somebody, The king has a portrait of himself, The King draws a portrait of somebody, Somebody draws a portrait of the king, etc.).

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