• Гідрологія і Гідрометрія
• Господарське право
• Економіка будівництва
• Економіка природокористування
• Економічна теорія
• Земельне право
• Історія України
• Кримінально виконавче право
• Медична радіологія
• Методи аналізу
• Міжнародне приватне право
• Міжнародний маркетинг
• Основи екології
• Предмет Політологія
• Соціальне страхування
• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

Major vowel changes in NE.

The short vowels were more stable.

1. ME [α] – NE [æ] man – mæn

after w (a) → o wæs > wαs > [woz]

2. ME short “u” lost its labial character and became [۸] except in some dialects. Eg: ME ‘comen’ [kumen] > NE come [k۸m].

3. vocalization of [x’, x]. Eg: taughte [‘taυxte] au >э:.

j>i together with the preceding [i] – a long monophthong [i]. Eg: night [nix’t] – nijt [ni:t] – night.

4. [r] mare the preceding vowel more open. [er]→ [αr]: derk – dark.

16^th cent – vocalization of [r].

Eg: for [for] → [fכּ:]

o+r = כּ: i –

α+r = α e – r → ə

ə+r =ə u –

after long: i: + r = aiə

e: + r = iə

ε: + r = iə

5. lengthening before –ss, -ft, -nt, -st;

6. shortening before sing. dental and velar cons. [e:], [u:] before ∂, θ.

the Great Vowel Shift (O. Gerpersen 14^th cent.)

Short Vowels:

i>i>I sitten – sit [sit]

y>i>i byllan>bill [bil]

æ>a>æ æppel>apple [æpl]

u>u>۸ under>under [۸ndə]

e>e>e bedd>bed [bed]

o>o>o god>god [god]

a>a>æ cat>cat [kæt]

Long vowels:

ī>ī>āī tīme>time [taim]

yˉ>ī>āī myˉs-mice [mais]

e>e>i: metan-meet [mi:t]

æ>æ>i: sæ>sea [si:]

ū>ū>au hūs>house [haus]

ā>ā>ou rād>road [roud]

a>a>ei nama>name [neim]

Strong verbs in OE and their development.

The OE verb had numerous persons and number cases, but fewer gram. categ. than NE verb had.

Str. verbs form their Past tense by changing their root vowel, had 4 principle forms:

· Infinitive – wrētan;

· Past sg – wrāt;

· Past pl – writan;

· Participle II – writēn.

They can be found in Rus → IE origin. Eg: беру – брал, несу – нес.

Often denoted the most important actions and states. In NE they are mainly irregular verbs.

Had 7 classes:

1. 1-6 classes use vowel gradation;

2. 7 class include reduplication verbs, build their Past tense repeating the root vowel.

3. The principle forms have the same endings:

Inf. - -an;

Past sg - ---;

Past pl - -on;

Part. II - -en.

4. some verbs with the root ending in –s; -p; -f employed an interchange of consonants [s → z → r], [θ → ð → d], [f → v];

5. The classes differed in the number of verbs and in their role and weight in the language.

6. Classes 4 and 5 deffered in the stems of Part. II. Classes 2, 3 and 4 – had identical vowels in the stems of Part. II.;

7. Classes 1 and 2 - contained in the root [I, u]. Classes 3, 4 and 5 – contained the gradation.

8. In ME many str. verbs changed into weak – they began to use dental suffix instead of the root verb change.

9. The root vowel in the Past sg and pl fell together. In the 15^th cent – one stem is used. In NE – 3 forms of str verbs are used. Eg: writ – wrote – written.

10. The OE endings –an

-en →-en (NE)

-en

Читайте також:

1. A. Major Characteristics Of Culture
2. Accommodation of OE Vowels (breaking and diphthongisation).
3. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.
4. B) major surgery
5. Causes of Grammatical Changes
6. Changes in Matter
7. CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSES OF VERBS
8. Changes of Short Vowels in Early New English
9. Changes of Stressed Vowels in Early Old English
10. Changes of Unstressed Vowels in Early Old English
11. Consonant Changes in Pre-Wrilten Periods
12. Harry couldn’t feel too excited about this. He didn’t think the Dursleys would like him any better in Majorca than they did on Privet Drive.

Переглядів: 483