Notes to the Text

1. spectacular breakthroughs –захоплюючі події, досягнення (переворот)

2. threshold –поріг, початок

3. a random process –випадковий (безладний процес)

4. IBM –компанія Ай Бі Ем

Exercise 7.Answer the questions.

1. What is this text about? 2. What is the phenomenon of superconductivity? 3. Who was the first to discover the phenomenon? 4. What scientists do you know who have worked in the field of superconductivity? 5. What materials are the best superconductors? 6. Is it possible to return superconducting materials to the normal state? 7. How can it be done? 8. In what fields of science and technology can the phenomenon of superconductivity be used?

Exercise 8. Translate the word-combinations into Ukrainian.

prominent scientist, world achievements, a revolution in technology and industry, powerful high-speed computers, electrical performance, alternative current, to turn the new materials into useful products, strong magnetic field, unique properties, to explain this theory, a fundamental theory of superconductivity, to make a great contribution, electromagnetic properties, special ceramic material, superhard alloys.

Exercise 9.Say whether these statements are true or false. Supply your answers with the phrases:Quite right. Right you are. That’s quite correct. I’m afraid it’s not quite true. Just on the contrary. As far as I remember.

1. The latest achievements in superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. 2. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. 3. The achievements in superconductivity cannot be compared with the discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. 4. The electrical resistivity of mercury wire disappears when cooled below 4°K. 5. A superconducting material cannot be returned to the normal state. 6. Landau and Ginzburg introduced a model which was useful in understanding electromagnetic of superconductors. 7. Scientists from IBM found a ceramic material that became a superconductor at a temperature of 23°K. 8. Potential technical uses of high temperature superconductivity are unlikely to be possible and practical.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex. into Ukrainian

A 1. Students of Cambridge are supposed to wear gowns at lectures. 2. The first pocket-size color television sets were reported to have been developed. 3. Today’s aircraft is expected to be replaced by a new model of hypersonic aircraft in a few years. 4. Intensive research on optical-electronic computer is said to be going on in a number of US companies. 5. A method for recording information on crystal by means of a laser is known to have been developed by a Ukrainian researcher. 6. The annual output of personal computers is expected to reach millions in the near future. 7. The laser is known to be a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifying radiation. 8. Optical technology has been found to be cost-effective. 9. The optical equivalent of a transistor is reported to have been produced.

B. 1. Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible without telephone, radio, and television. 2. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems to be quite simple. 3. The term “radar” is known to be composed of the first letters of “radio, detection and ranging”. 4. It happens to reflect its basic principle, to have been polluted since the Baikal plant has begun its work.

Exercise 11. Compare the pairs of sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian..

1. Designers report a new manned craft to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet. A new manned craft is reported to be able to submerge to the depth of 21,000 feet.

2. We know radio navigation stations to be located at different places around the world to guide the pilots. Radio navigation stations are known to be located all over the world to guide the pilots.

3. People considered dirigibles to be too slow and unreliable, that is why they were not used for a long time. Dirigibles were considered to be slow and unreliable.

4. Experts expect the new submersible craft to move round the ocean floor like a sports car. The new submersible craft is expected to move round the ocean floor like a sports car.

5. Scientists in many countries consider propeller engines to be much more economical. Propeller engines are considered to be much more economical.

6. We know propeller planes to fly slower than jet planes, therefore a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built. But as propeller planes are known to fly slower than jet planes a new ventilator engine with a propeller has been built.

Exercise 12.Translate these sentences. Find the sentences with the Subjective Infinitive Complex.

1. The phenomenon of superconductivity appears to have been discover-ed as early as 1911. 2. Before 1911 superconductivity was assumed to be impossible. 3. Recent discoveries in superconductivity made scientists look for new conducting material and for practical applications of the phenome-non. 4. The latest achievements in the field of superconductivity are certain to make a revolution in technology and industry.5.Recommendations from physicists will allow the necessary measures to be taken to protect the air from pollution. 6. Lasers are sure to do some jobs better and at much lower cost than other devices. 7. M. Faraday supposed a light beam to reverse its polarization as it passed through a magnetized crystal. 8. Superconductors are likely to find applications we don’t even think of at present. 9. A Dutch physicist found a superconducting material to return to normal state when a strong magnetic field was applied. 10. Properties of material obtained in space prove to be much better than those produced on Earth. 11. There are prospects for lasers to be used in long distance communication and for transmission of energy to space stations. 12. The electrical resistivity of a Mercury wire was found to disappear when cooled to -269⁰ C. 13.Additional radio transmitters let the pilot make his approach to an airport by watching his flight instruments. 14. There seems to be a lot of alloys and compounds that become superconductors under certain conditions.

Exercise 13. Change the following sentences according to the model and translate them into Ukrainian.

Model:We know that copper, silver, aluminium and other metals are good conductors of electricity. – Copper, silver, aluminium and other metals are known to be good conductors of electricity.

1.We know that superconductor diodes are used in different branches of industry. 2. We know that electrons flow out of the semiconductor easily under special conditions. 3. It appeared that superconductors possess some unexpected properties. 4. It is known that semiconductors are of p-type and n-type. 5. It is known that this scientist and many of his co-workers made a great contribution to superconductor physics. 6. It is supposed that the electron moves with great velocity.

Exercise 14.Make up sentences out of the two parts.

1.Recent achievements in superconductivity research are	1. fundamental theory to explain this unexpected phenomenon.
2. They may be compared with	2. found the electrical resistivity of mercury to disappear when cooled to the temperature of 4 Kelvin.
3. Superconductivity is known to	3. to the development of superconductivity theory.
4. While carrying out his low temperature research he	4. have been discovered by a Dutch physicist.
5. For 59 years after the discovery there was no	5. of great importance for science and technology.
6. In the 1950s Russian and American physicists made a great contribution	6. since the discovery of a superconductive metallic ceramics.
7. Research in the field of superconductivity became especially active	7. physics discoveries that led to the development of electronics and nuclear power.

Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences.Pat attention to the words in bold type.

1. The climate in this part of the world is the most suitable for people to live in. It isneither too hot, nortoo cold. 2. Many lasers give off invisible radiation either infrared or ultraviolet. 3. There is the tropical zone on either side of the Equator. 4. It is possible to divide all countries into classes: developed and developing countries. Various criteria may be used to include a particular country ineither of the two categories. 5. Such satellites can contain either television cameras or photographic equipment for transmitting pictures to Earth. 6. Semiconductors are neither good conductors nor good insulators. 7. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. 8. Matter can neitherappear nor disappear by itself. 9. The greatest part of matter on the Earth is either liquid or gas. 10. Silicon and germanium can be made either p-type or n-type semiconductor. 11. Matter can exist in either of the four states – solid, liquid, gaseous orplasma states.

Task Ш.Read and translate the text

Text 15B.

New Hope for Energy.

Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be superconductors. Superconducting ceramics are substances which can transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperatures much higher than conventional superconductors (that is, at the temperature of liquid nitrogen).

One use for the new superconductors would be to replace those that need the extreme cold of liquid helium – huge superconducting electromagnets used in nuclear magnetic resonance research, atomic particle acceleration and research reactors.

Other types of electromagnets made with superconductors could be used to lower the cost of electric generation and storage. Such uses may take 10 years of research, a quicker use will probably be in electronics.

Researchers now estimate that tiny but immensely powerful high speed computers using superconductors may be three to five years away. Further off are 300 m.p.h. trains that float on magnetic cushions which now exist as prototypes but may take at least a decade to perfect. Power lines that can meet a city’s electric needs with superconductor cables may be even further in the future.

Meanwhile, scientists around the world are trying to turn the new materials into useful products. Among the most notable is a micron-thin film to transmit useful amounts of electric current without losing superconductivity. The film could be used in the microscopic circuitry of advanced computers as high-speed pathway between computer chips.

Several nations are known to be very active in superconductor research. For example, the United States is spending millions of dollars on such research, much of it for military uses: projectile accelerators, lasers, ship and submarine propulsion.

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