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VOCABULARY NOTES

Task I.Read and memorize the following words. Translate the sentences.

1. prominent –видатний. Marie Curie, the prominent woman-scientist, has become the first person to receive a Nobel Prize twice.

2. benefit –користь, вигода. I’ve done it for his benefit.

3. to master –оволодівати. It takes years to master a new language.

4. to disappear –зникати.The sun disappeared behind the cloud.

5. either … or –чи ... чи... .Either he does the job or I do it.

6. suffiicient –достатній. Such sum of money was not sufficient for a new pair of shoes.

7. current –струм. We know of the existence of a current owing to its effects.

8. to make contribution –робити внесок, вклад. He made a valuable contribution to the development of science.

9. compound –сполука, суміш.The composition of a compound may be shown by means of two methods, known as synthesis and analysis.

10. previously –заздалегідь, раніше. Previously he didn’t have experience of this kind of work.

11. unbelievable –неймовірний. It was unbelievable to see him there.

12. to tend –мати тенденцію, бути схильним. She tends to talk quickly.

13. to fabricate –виробляти, виготовляти. Those cars had to be fabricated by the end of the year.

14. wire –дріт, провід. The stream of electrons moving along the wire from atom to atom is called an electric current.

15. moreover –крім того, до того ж. The price is too high, and moreover, the house isn’t in a suitable position.

16. to lack –потребувати, відчувати нестачу. She lacked suitable equipment for her experiments.

17. largely –головним чином.He left his job largely he was bored.

Task П. Read and translate the text.

Text 15A.

Superconductivity.

According to the prominent scientist V.L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Recent spectacular breakthroughs in superconductors may be compared with the physics discoveries that led to electronics and nuclear power. They are likely to bring the mankind to the threshold of a new technological age. Prestige, economic and military benefits could come to the nation that first will master this new field of physics. Superconductors were once thought to be physically impossible. But in 1911 superconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist Onnes, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his low-temperature research. He found the electrical resistivity of mercury wire to disappear suddenly when cooled below a temperature of 4 Kelvin (- 269⁰C). Absolute zero is known to be 0°K. This discovery was a completely unexpected phenomenon. He also discovered that a superconducting material can be returned to the normal state either by passing a sufficiently large current through it or by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field to it, but at that time there was no theory to explain this.

For almost 50 years after K. Onnes’s discovery theorists were unable to develop a fundamental theory of superconductivity. In 1950 physicists Landau and Ginzburg made a great contribution to the development of superconductivity theory. They introduced a model which proved to be useful in understanding electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Finally, in 1957 a satisfactory theory was presented by American physicists, which won for them in 1972 the Nobel Prize in physics. Research in superconductors became especially active since a discovery made in 1986 by IBM scientists in Zurich. They found a metallic ceramic compound to become a superconductor at a temperature well above the previously achieved record of 23°K.

It was difficult to believe it. However, in 1987 American physicist Paul Chu informed about a much more sensational discovery: he and his colleagues produced superconductivity at an unbelievable before tempera-ture 98°K in a special ceramic material. At once in all leading laboratories throughout the world superconductors of critical temperature 100°K and higher (that is, above the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen) were obtained. Thus, potential technical uses of high temperature superconduc-tivity seemed to be possible and practical. Scientists have found a ceramic material that works at room temperature. But getting superconductors from the laboratory into production will be no easy task. While the new superconductors are easily made, their quality often uneven. Some tend to break when produced, others lose their superconductivity within minutes or hours. All are extremely difficult to fabricate into wires. Moreover, scientists lack a full understanding of how ceramics become superconductors. This fact makes developing new substances largely a random process. This is likely to continue until theorists give a fuller explanation of how superconductivity is produced in new materials.

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