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Vocabulary notes

as a source of – як джерело

survive something – витримати, перенести, пережити щось

the latter – останній (з двох названих)

III. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the phrases from vocabulary notes

1. Like green plants, Purple Sulfur Bacteria are photosynthetic, using the energy of sunlight to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate. Unlike plants, however, they do not get electrons from water.

2. A population with diverse traits is more likely to continue to live normally in spite of changes in the environment such as emerging diseases, new predatory insects, or climate changes.

3. The Phylogeny of Life and Journey into Phylogenetic Systematics (UCMP, Berkeley) both explain the relationships and theory behind such evolutionary hypotheses. The second just mentioned gives a brief introduction into cladistics.

IV. Answer the following questions about the text “The Bacteria”

1. What areas of our planet are inhabited by the representatives of the Kingdom Monera?

2. What features make bacteria “the dominant living things on Earth”?

3. Do bacteria vary in shape?

4. How many groups of bacteria do we distinguish depending on the method of obtaining energy? Describe them.

5. Do all bacteria breathe?

6. What are endospores?

7. How many forms of reproduction are used by bacteria? What is the difference between them?

8. Archaebacteria represent one of the classes in the Kingdom Monera, don’t they?

9. In what way are archaea and eubacteria different?

10. How important are bacteria for the global ecosystem?

V. Read the text “The Bacteria” again and find the English equivalents of the following expressions there. Use these expressions in the sentences of your own

Гострий фарингіт (запалення горла); скупчення бактерій; набувати форми; видобувати енергію; потреба у кисні; липкий шар; у такому ж темпі; залишатися відносно стабільним; ланцюг живлення; викликати хворобу в людини; підтримувати існування вищих форм життя.

VI. Fill in the following table with synonyms (from list A) and opposites (from list B) of the given words. Explain the difference between the synonyms and illustrate it using your own examples

A:absence; chief; common; contrasting; correct; deficiency; develop; different; essential; gain; hard; innate; obtain; perfect; prevailing; principal; progress; remarkable; shortage; significant; stable; steady; various; wild.

B:abandon; abnormal; abundance; artificial; changeable; decline; deteriorate; identical; inconsiderable; minor; same; slight; soft; subordinate; sufficiency; surrender; unimportant; unnatural.

VII. Look at the picture of a bacterium and match the numbers with the correct names of organelles from the list below. Describe the functions of each structural unit of the bacterial cell

Flagellum; plasmid; mesosome; DNA; cell wall; cell membrane; capsule; pilus; nucleoid; cytoplasm; ribosome.

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