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Vocabulary notes

rival something (4) – конкурувати з/рівнятися з

in comparison with (4) – у порівняні з

in proportion to (4) – що є пропорційним до/відносно до

III. Paraphrase the underlined parts of the sentences

1. When compared with the other animals of its size big cat jaguar has particularly powerful jaws and often kills its prey by piercing the skull with one swift bite.

2. About the same size as a chicken, a kiwi's eggs are almost as big as those of the emu and are one of the largest relative to body size of any bird in the world.

3. Few animals can be equal to the flamingo in terms of beauty and grace.

IV. Answer the following questions about the text “Phylum Chordata”

1 Are the terms ‘chordates’ and ‘vertebrates’ synonymic?

2 What are the main features of the Phylum Chordata?

3 What animals have a notochord?

4 Why do vertebrates need a complicated circulatory system and a highly developed nervous system?

5 What purposes do ears serve in vertebrate animals?

6 Do jawless fish constitute a numerous group?

7 What are the main representatives of cartilaginous fish?

8 Why do amphibians depend on watery environment in their life cycle?

9 What adaptations have reptiles evolved that differentiate them from amphibians?

10 Why do zoologists sometimes call birds ‘feathered reptiles’ or ‘hot lizards’?

11 What features provide for the ability to fly in birds?

12 Enumerate the main characteristics of mammals that make them the most ecologically successful class of animals.

V. Find the following words in the text “Phylum Chordata” and explain their meanings. Then select the synonyms of these words from the list below. Explain the difference between the synonyms using a dictionary

Attribute, cut, damp, decrease, determine, diminish, distinguish, furnish, give, humid, property, recognise, supply, trait, wet.

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