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A) Analyze the simple rhythm-units into three groups — monobeats (M), trochees (T) and dactyls (D).

— Use the analysis of the following sentence as a model:

'The city has a difficult political future, but its present environmental problems arise from its success'.

The city has a difficult political future

D+l D+4 T

but its present environmental problems

D+2 T T

arise from its success.

D+l_________M________________________

Note: for the pause after 'problems' see 2.2.7.

b) Explain the rule of English rhythm that is observed in the case of:

'the city has a difficult political future'

'the most famous views' '

'a pretty good symbol'

'some things very much in common'

'to qualify this nowadays'

— Why are 'has', 'political', 'famous', 'good', 'things', 'much', 'this' phonetically degraded?

5.2.8. Study each of the prosodic contours in the text. — Use the following analysis as a model:

'The city has a difficult political future, \ but its present environmental problems | arise from its success.'

The sentence consists of three contours. The first one is:

'The city has a difficult political future'

a) There are no accents here.

b) The contour is a Descending Scale. It consists of two steps (which rely on the two level tones on the stressed syllables 'sit-' and 'dif-') and ends in a mid-falling tone on 'future'. The remaining two contours of the sentence are described along the same lines.

5.2-9. What prosodic means are used in different cases of accenl in the text?

5.2.10. Comment on the use of

— Low-Falling tones in the text;

— Low-Rising tones in the text;

— Mid-Falling tones in the text;

— High-Falling tones in the text;

— Falling-Rising tones in the text.

5.2.11. Comment on the modifications of tempo, loudness and pitch in the following parts of the text:

'... and (though some in the West are finding it prudent to qualify this nowadays) that the Earth resources are there to be exploited and put to use'; '... the highest density in the world, the most crowded place in history'; '...that big is beautiful, that progress is the same thing as growth'.

— What is the function of these modifications in each of these cases?

— 5.3. The English Articulation Basis — Sounds —

5.3-1. Listen to the way the following words are said by the speaker on the tape.

— Transcribe them with the help of the Dictionary:

stepping waterway

pressure dominated

natural towers

environmental mainland

success symbol

industrialization evolved

magnet triumphs

colony ancient

highest origins

irreconcilable mankind

material achieved

prudent qualify

resources progress

5.3.2. What is the basic peculiarity of the strong plosives in the stressed syllables of the words in boxes 1 and 2, which makes them completely different from their Russian counterparts:

1 2

put pressure

part progress

people proper

typical pretty

terribly prudent

material places

corner exploited

common twenty

colony qualify

crowded clearly______

capitalism

country

mankind

culture

Kong______

— How does the English Articulation basis affect these consonants?

— Why are these words divided into two groups?

5.3.3. How are the opening plosives in the stressed syllables of the words in boxes 1 and 2 to be pronounced properly?

1 2

both British

be growth

beautiful grown

dominated great_______

difficult

industrialization

seductive

density

good

goal__________

— What makes these consonants so completely different from their Russian counterparts?

— Why are these words divided into two groups?

5.3.4. How is the final plosive to be pronounced in the following cases and why?

world

goal

made

evolved

dominated

could

considered

unlimited

founded

mankind

achieved

big

5.3.5. How do the consonants in the sequences below behave at 'word-junctures'?

I went to;

difficult political;

about twenty;

the highest density;

the most crowded place;

great towers;

could deny;

ancient culture;

dominated by;

prudent to;

that big;

that progress;

what most;

that these;

that the proper;

I suppose this.

5.3.6. Explain the principal difficulty in pronouncing the stressed vowels of the words in boxes 1 and 2 below:

i

last places

year clearly

few environmental

see arise

rld most

Far potent

East style

people industrialization

views founded

waterway nearly

Chinese here

corner square

part thousand

all highest

believe crowded

achieved suppose

prudent nowadays

Earth there

resources exploited

use progress

beautiful grothw

—————* same

goals

mankind

material

science

finding

qualify

famous

separates

mainland

great

towers

made

deny

triumphs

ancient

dominated

both

ideologies

irreconcilable |

— Why are these words presented in two groups?

5.3.7. The words below are divided into groups according to a certain principle:

— Explain the principle.

— Find the words that fall out of the group. Tell why.

last could

few another

Hong Kong put

use problems

waterway future

prudent good

people country

corner culture

part colony

see become

history seductive

Far East looking

views live

believe East

big all

beautiful offer

5.3.8. Explain the principal difficulty in pronouncing the stressed (primarily or secondarily) vowels in the following words (boxes 1,2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7):

1 II 2 || 3 || 4 II 5 || 6 || 7

most places environmental founded square clearly exploited

potent industrialization arise thousand there nearly

over famous like crowded here

suppose waterway style towers material

both separates nineteenth

goals mainland highest

though great deny

progress made triumphs

growth ancient irreconcilable

nowadays mankind

same science

finding ualify

— What affects the quality of the vowel in each of these cases?

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5. Activity Groups
6. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.
7. Answer the questions. Don't forget how to use the Past Simple Tense.
8. B) Make up sentences with the word-groups you have translated.
9. B. Put the verb into the most suitable form with future meaning, Present progressive or Present simple.
10. Brainstorming. In small groups of 3 or 4 students discuss formulated answers.
11. C. Choose the best alternative between Past Simple or Past Progressive.

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