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Native words

1. In all Gmc languages we find a number of words which are not found in the other IE languages, have no parallels outside the group. Appeared from purely Gmc roots, spheres: nature, sea, home life (sea, house, God, send, drink, broad, own).

2. The most ancient etymological layer in the Gmc vocabulary is made up by words (roots) shared by most IE languages (natural phenomena, animals & plants, some pronouns and numerals): Fr deux – R два– OE twa – NE two.

Borrowings

Latin words ( refer to trade and warfare). The words reflect the contacts of the Gmc tribes with Rome and the influence of the Roman civilization on their life. Ex: Lat strata via – OE stræt – NE street

The chronological division of the history of English.

OE was spoken on a small territory and number of speakers was ≈ 1 mln. It begins with the Germanic settlement of Britain (5^th c.) or with the beginning of writing (7^th c.) and ends with the Norman Conquest (1066), ME begins with the Norman Conquest and ends on the introduction of printing (1475), which is the start of the Modern or New English period which lasts to the present day.

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3. A) COLLOQUIAL WORDS
4. A) Match the words on the left with the expressions on the right.
5. A) Match the words to make word combinations
6. A) Practise using the words and word combinations in bold type to make other comparisons between some two-four regions of Russia. Write your best sentences down.
7. A) Read the words describing the qualities required for the legal profession and translate them into Russian. Use a dictionary.
8. Alternative Cure 2
9. Alternative questions
10. Alternative Questions
11. Analyse various cases of play on words, indicate how it is created and what effect it adds to the utterance.
12. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.

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