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The gerund and the participle.

In most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle does not present any difficulty.

Unlike the participle the gerund may be preceded by a preposition, it may be modified by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it can be used in the function of a subject, object, and predicative. In the function of an attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the participle may be used,, but the gerund in these functions is always preceded by a preposition.

There are cases, however, when the differentiation between the’ gerund and the participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always easy to distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a participle used as an attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we have a gerund as part of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by the noun does not perform the action expressed by the ing-form: e. g. a dancing-hall (a hall for dancing), a cooking-stove (a stove for cooking), walking shoes, a writing-table, etc.

If we have a participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun performs the action expressed by the ing-form:e. g. a dancing girl (a girl who dances), a singing child, etc.

However, there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example a sewing machine may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and a machine which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog that hunts.

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2. D. Grammar Expansion: The Gerund: its forms and functions.
3. Development of the Gerund
4. Ex. 12. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form, the Gerund or the Infinitive.
5. Ex. 7. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the forms of the Gerund.
6. Grammar notes. Relative clauses with a participle.
7. I. Read the following sentences and identify the form and function of the gerunds and participles used in them
8. III. Read the following proverbs and analyze the form of the participle. Find Ukrainian equivalent or translate them.
9. IV. Transform the following sentences using gerundial phrases instead of the subordinate clauses.
10. Look at the picture and write what you see and how it has been made. Use gerund or infinitive.
11. Point out the word combinations with Participial constructions. Define the type of the Participle.
12. Predicative constructions with the participle.

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