I. Read the following sentences and identify the form and function of the gerunds and participles used in them

1. The remaining species — the invertebrate chordate — belong to two subphyla that are extremely dissimilar in outward appearance.

2. The three diagnostic characteristics of the phylum Chordata: (1) a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; (2) clefts in the wall of the throat region, usually referred to as gill slits, which circulate water during feeding and respiration; and (3) a notochord, a unique, stiffening rod located along the back.

3. Numbering about 1,000 species, they include sharks, skates, and rays, as well as chimaeras, also known as ratfish.

4. Other characteristics contributing to the success of mammals in many ecological situations include: (1) teeth variously specialized for cutting, chewing, and grinding: (2) the diaphragm, a muscle wall that completely separates the chest cavity from the abdominal organs and increases the depth and efficiency of breathing; (3) hair, providing mechanical protection and an aid in heat conservation; and (4) a greatly enlarged brain, chiefly in the cerebral hemispheres, allowing mammals both more complex instincts and more elaborate learning.

II. Open the brackets in the following sentences using the correct forms of the gerund, participle or infinitive

1. ________ (lack) internal skeletons, arthropods wear their "bones" on the outside in the form of an ________ (armour) exoskeleton.

2. Arthropod limbs are adapted for many forms of locomotion — ________ (leap), ________ (swim), ________ (walk), ________ (scurry), and ________ (burrow).

3. Aquatic arthropods have gills with which they obtain ________ (dissolve) oxygen from their watery surroundings.

4. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded — ________ (have) a relatively constant body temperature that enables them ________ (live) in a wide variety of environments.

5. Highly ________ (develop) animals, birds are sensitive and responsive, colourful and graceful, with habits that excite interest and inquiry.

6. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings ________ (provide) camouflage, ________ (help) these birds escape notice by their predators.

7. ________ (take) flight is less demanding for small birds than it is for large ones, but small birds need more energy ________ (stay) warm.

8. In ________ (keep) with their enormous energy needs, birds have an extremely fast metabolism, which includes the chemical reactions ________ (involve) in ________ (release) ________ (store) energy from food.

9. A ________ (fly) pigeon breathes 450 times each minute, whereas a human, when ________ (run), might ________ (breathe) only about 30 times each minute.

10. Birds spend much of their time ________ (feed) and ________ (search) for food.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

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VI. Fill in the spaces in the sentences below with the appropriate words from exercise V	\|	I. You will hear a text about animal rights. Before listening discuss the words in the box with your fellow students and your teacher

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