D. Grammar Expansion: The Gerund: its forms and functions.

	Active	Passive
Simple	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

In the sentence the Gerund can function as:

- Subject: Doing is better than saying.

- Object: We are engaged in discussing this problem. We prefer going by train (general preference). Compare: We prefer to go by train (on a particular journey).

- Attribute: They had a number of reasons for questioning his theory. He gave up the idea of becoming a scientist.

- Adverbial Modifier: Know your own faults before blaming others for theirs.

- Predicative: All I want is getting out of here as soon as possible.

State the functions of the Gerund and translate the sentences into Russian:

1. It was only a decade ago that Oxford followed Cambridge in abolishing entrance exams. 2. The project suggests the need for dropping interest rates. 3. The firm was accused of raising money illegally. 4. Less affluent parents cannot even think of sending a gifted child to university at all. 5. The education law will ban governments from changing the nature of state schools. 6. Setting up private schools might be prohibited. 7. The minister responded by forging an alliance to create a “balance of power” against France. 8. Both companies live mainly from serving on-line communities. 9. This may provide new ways of making money. 10. The company saw a merger as a chance to cut the industry’s oversupply by allowing it to scrap its older machines. 11. The company aims to create a market for linking devices to the Internet. 12. Connecting the world’s digital devices could be a viable market. 13. They have raised teacher’s status by making it harder to become and remain one. 14. Many countries get excellent results without spending much money.

Complete the following using the Gerund:

a) as subject or predicative

1. There’s no point in … ;

2. It’s worth … ;

3. My aim is … ;

4. … is more interesting than dancing;

5. The demand for solar power keeps … ;

6. It’s no use … .

b) as a non-prepositional object

1. He hates …;

2. Do you mind … ?

3. This work involves … ;

4. I strongly advise you to practice … ;

5. Actually I suggest … ;

6. Your paper needs / wants … .

c) as an adverbial modifier

1. We walked without … ;

2. He finished up by …;

3. He joined the group immediately on …;

4. I feel really happy about …;

5. She is taking up professional English after …;

6. They went there before … .

Use the Gerund in the sentences below. Mind the preposition “to” in every case:

1. Internet users are attracted to (read) the Forbs web-site. 2. The A-level system restricts students to (study) just three or four subjects. 3. Government has come close to (meet) the demands of higher education. 4. Being hardworking is the key to (pass) exams. 5. A reasonable objection to( install) the system is that it is not based scientific data. 6. The standard approach to (assess) machinery condition is regular inspections.

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IV. Grammar Review: Passive Voice	\|	V. Listening. Technology and Geography.

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