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• Господарське право
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• Технічні засоби організації дорожнього руху
• Товарознавство продовольчих товарів

THE MODAL WORDS

§ 1.The modal wordsexpress the attitude of the speaker to the reality, possibility or probability, of the action he speaks about.

§ 2. According to their meaning modal words fall under the following main groups:

(1) words expressing certainty (certainly, surely, assuredly, of course, no doubt, apparently, undoubtedly, etc.);

(2) words expressing supposition(perhaps, maybe, possibly, probably, etc.);

(3) words showing whether the speaker considers the action he speaks about desirable or undesirable (happily — unhappily; luckily — unluckily; fortunately — unfortunately).

§ 3. In the sentence modal words are used as parentheses.¹Sometimes they are used as sentence-words.²

¹ See Chapter XV, The Simple Sentence.

² Modal words used as sentence-words are similar to the words yes and no expressing affirmation and negation, which are also sentence-words.

Certainly you’ll admit we could finish all this in a month. (Wilson)

“Will you allow me to detain you one moment,” said he. “Certainly,”replied

the unwelcome visitor. (Dickens)

§ 4. Most modal words have developed from adverbs, so very often there exists a formal identity between modal words and adverbs. For instance such modal words as certainly, surely, happily are homonymous with the adverbs certainly, surely, happily.

Such modal words as possibly, probably, indeed, also derived from adverbs, have no corresponding homonymous adverbs because the latter ceased to be used in Modern English.

Though formally identical with adverbs, modal words differ from them in meaning and syntactical function.

If he were not married as happilyas he was, might notsomething come of it?

(Dreiser) (ADVERB)

...she hauled me to the washstand, inflicted a merciless, but happilybrief

scrub on my face and hands with soap water, and a coarse towel... (Ch.

Bronte) (MODAL WORD)

Lamlein rose. “We have fulfilled our obligations,” he said pompously, and yet

not quite certainly.(Heym) (ADVERB)

Soames smiled. Certainly, uncle Jolyon had a way with him. (Galsworthy)

(MODAL WORD)

Slowly, surely, with the secret inner process that works the destruction of an

old tree, the poison of the wounds to his happiness, his will, his pride, had

corroded the comely edifice of his philosophy. (Galsworthy) (ADVERB)

Over the ridge she would find him. Surelyshe would find him over the ridge.

(Wells) (MODAL WORD)

Chapter XI

Читайте також:

1. A blank silence greeted Hermione’s words. She looked around at all the faces upturned to her, rather disconcerted.
2. A gale of laughter from the middle of the table drowned the rest of Bill’s words. Fred, George, Ron and Mundungus were rolling around in their seats.
3. A) COLLOQUIAL WORDS
4. A) Match the words on the left with the expressions on the right.
5. A) Match the words to make word combinations
6. A) Practise using the words and word combinations in bold type to make other comparisons between some two-four regions of Russia. Write your best sentences down.
7. A) Read the words describing the qualities required for the legal profession and translate them into Russian. Use a dictionary.
8. Analyse various cases of play on words, indicate how it is created and what effect it adds to the utterance.
9. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.
10. And write your own sentences with the same words and phrases.
11. Archaic, obsolete and historic words
12. At Harry’s words, all the Weasleys and Hermione exchanged darkly significant looks.

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