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Stylistic potential of the category of gender.

No identity exists in the contrasted languages in the expression of the category of gender. In Ukrainian there are three grammatical genders – masculine, feminine and neuter. The morphological category of gender is identified either through separate inflexions of the adjunct/attribute or through the inflexion of the finite form of the verb that conjugates with the noun. It can also be identified through the marked inflexion of the nominative case, by suffixes only or by root suffixes + endings. In present-day English there are no morphological means of expressing the category of gender. The possessive conjoint or possessive absolute pronouns, however, may sometimes be used in English to indicate the extra lingual category of sex, e.g. the bear and his life, that actress and her voice as well as the use of appositional pronouns and nouns to indicate the sex of living beings: boy-friend, girl-friend, man-servant, maid-servant, jack-ass, jenny-ass, male-elephant, female- elephant, cock-sparrow, hen-sparrow. There are special words in English that indicate sex of a noun (but not gender): emperor, widower, actress, goddess, hero, heroine, hobo, etc.

All lifeless things in English are generally associated with the pronoun it (the neuter gender): the tree and its leaves, the stone and its age, etc. But personified life and lifeless nouns can be referred to different, sometimes quite unexpected genders. Thus Reed in The Happy Prince by Oscar Wild became feminine and the Swallow who fell in love with it became masculine. In spoken English all strong and fearful animals, birds, natural phenomena or celestial objects are usually referred to masculine gender. Consequently the wolf, the dog, the buffalo, the tiger, the lion, the bear, the eagle or death is always he. All weaker, timid or sly animals, like cat, fox, hare, nightingale or tomtit are each referred to feminine gender (she), though not without exceptions. For example, Daisy is he in O.Wild fairy tale The Nightingale and the Rose-tree, as well as the timid little Lizard that is also referred by the author to masculine gender. So is the timid Rabbit in American folk-tales (The Rabbit, his Friends and Animals) and the Monkey like the Parrot who are usually masculine.

The category of gender is the leading grammatical category of Ukrainian noun. Its stylistic function is the most prominent in belle-letters style and in colloquial type of speech. Although the gender of Ukrainian noun is seldom subject to changes, the possible semantization of gender differences and their modifications can cause certain stylistic effects. For example, the stylistically neutral noun кінь has its colloquial variant of common gender коняка, the latter being used in emotive prose can impart expressiveness and emotional power to the utterance:

Хома ставив ноги рішуче, злісно, як говорив, а сніг розкидав, наче коняка (М. Коцюбинський).

Stylistically relevant are also the opposition of the following gender variants of Ukrainian nouns: журавлиха – журавка, дитина – дитя, хлопець – хлоп’я, дівчина – дівча, латинь – латина, глибина – глибінь, музикант – музика. Nouns of common gender cобака, сирота, староста, суддя, роззява, приблуда, недоторка, ненажера, нероба, бідолаха, трудяга can express the variety of stylistic nuances.

The usage of neutral forms of pronouns, adjectives and verbs that refer to masculine or feminine nouns makes it possible to express different attitudes of the speaker towards the person he/she describes:

Миколка, Прокопів хлопчик, такий школярик гарнесенький був: смирненький, соромливенький, млявенький, як дівчинка... Воно й училось, нівроку йому. Страх яке до книжки було: чита одно, чита (А. Тесленко).

Насилу виліз із бебехів пан Цибульській: таке плюгавеньке, товстеньке, кирпате...(О. Стороженко).

Я її годую, я зодягаю, я її на світі держу, а воно ледащо мені робити не хоче (Марко Вовчок).

In the Ukrainian language most professions have both masculine and feminine forms. But the usage of feminine forms is restricted. They are not common in official and scientific texts. Among the only possible nouns that indicate gender differences in official style are such nouns as завідуюча, актриса, поетеса though their parallel forms завідувачка, акторка, поетка are marked as colloquial.

Nouns in the form of feminine gender used to denote persons can cause different stylistic effects. For example Ukrainian nouns ending on –ка учителька, лекторка, касирка, спортсменка, делегатка, кандидатка, організаторка are neutral colloquial. But most nouns ending on –ша, -иха, -чиха, -иса, -ичка: лекторша, агрономша, двірничиха, директриса, генеральша, кравчиха, міністерша, мовничка inevitably cause different stylistic effects:

Якби інженерша або лікарша, то не по бракував би (Г. Тютюнник).

Коли далекі капітани ведуть в Ла-Манші кораблі, тут капітанші ломлять стани, Пливуть вітрильно по землі (І. Драч).

За рогом нашого будинку, на другому поверсі, було вікно з кімнати курсистки-природнички (Ю. Смолич).

Some Ukrainian feminine nouns ending on –ухa: балакуха, реготуха, ласуха, крикуха, товстуха have negative connotations.

Читайте також:

1. Interrelation of Etymological and Stylistic Characteristics of Words.
2. LECTURE 1. Contrastive Stylistic as a Linguistic Discipline
3. LECTURE3.2. Text stylistics as branch of functional stylistics. Subject, tasks.
4. National Character of Stylistic Systems
5. Polyfunctional Character of Stylistic Devices
6. Problems of phonostylistics
7. Rendering of stylistic meaning in translation
8. Stylistic classification of English and Ukrainian vocabulary
9. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
10. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
11. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building

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