Vocabulary notes

turn out – виявитись, виявлятись

set smth apart from smth – відокремлювати

сarry out – здійснювати

by means of – за допомогою

adapt/adjust to – пристосовуватись до

III. Match two halves of the sentences

1. Many of Lamarck's examples, such as the long neck of the giraffe, can be more satisfactorily explained… 2. Many other organisms adapt… 3. Most mutations, however, turn… 4. A three-domain system, however, accounts for the differences that set the archaea… 5. Each membrane structure has its own distinct composition of proteins and lipids enabling it to carry…

a) …out to be deleterious and often lead to some impairment or to death of the organism. b) …out unique functions. c) …by means of natural selection. d) …apart from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. e) …to seasonal temperature changes by producing dormant forms, such as spores or eggs, to survive the low temperatures.

IV. Answer the following questions about the text “Life”

1. What is the main problem of defining life?

2. What functional characteristics differentiate living things from non-living ones?

3. Why is metabolism important for living beings?

4. What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?

5. What reproduction patterns are mentioned in the text?

6. What is the role of mutability for living organisms?

7. What is adaptation?

8. How is structure related to function in biology?

9. What arguments can be presented to support the idea of common origin for all living beings on earth?

V. Find the following words in the text “Life” and explain their meanings. Then select the synonyms of these words from the list below. Explain the difference between the synonyms using a dictionary

essential, __________, __________; entire, __________, __________; occur, __________, __________; obtain, __________, __________;

rigorous, __________, __________; evident, __________, __________; perform, __________, __________.

Whole; acquire; complete; exact; important; necessary; accomplish; take place; happen; thorough; clear; gain; carry out; obvious.

VI. Use the words from the previous exercise in your own sentences

GRAMMAR IN USE

I. Look at the following sentences. What is special about their structure? Discuss this type of structure with your teacher and do the task below

1. It is this property of reproducing with changesthat makes possible the evolution of life.

2. This did not occur until a little over a century ago, when Charles Darwin proposed the first scientifically testable theory about adaptation.

3. However, in biology we do ask questions about function.

4. Not until the late 1920s and the early '30s was the full significance of Mendel’s works realized.

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II. Read the following text paying attention to the highlighted words. Explain or interpret the contextual meaning of the underlined phrases	\|	Paraphrase the following sentences as required making them emphatic

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