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Paraphrase the following sentences as required making them emphatic

Example: Life on this planet originated in water.(It was) ->

It was in water that life originated on this planet.

1. It became possible to study unicellular organisms after the invention of microscope. (Only after)

2. The specific carrier of the genetic information in higher organisms is deoxyribonucleic acid.(It is)

3. The genetic code was broken only in the 1960s.(It was not)

4. Artists began to paint horses correctly only after the invention of camera. (Not until)

5. Scientists didn’t know much about the true mechanism of blood circulation before the 17th century. (Little)

6. Mendel’s work on heredity was recognized only in 1900. (It was)

7. The English chemist Joseph Priestley demonstrated that growing plants “restore” air from which the oxygen has been removed. (It was)

8. Water is interesting chemically and it is one of the most biologically important substances. (Not only)

9. Scientists do not often have an opportunity to observe this phenomenon.(Rarely)

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. You are going to hear four different definitions of life (A, B, C, D). Choose the best summary for each of the definitions. Before listening discuss the meaning of the words in the box below with your classmates or teacher

A

1. The physiological definition is inconsistent because automobiles can “breathe”, “eat”, “excrete”, etc. similarly to living things.

2. The physiological definition has certain drawbacks because some non-living objects (e.g. machines) can “perform” functions similar to those of living beings whereas some living organisms such as certain bacteria do not carry out all processes of life (e.g. breathing).

3. The physiological definition is incorrect because some bacteria don’t breathe.

B

1. The metabolic definition emphasizes the ability of living organisms to exchange substances and energy with their external environments while preserving their basic characteristics.

2. According to the metabolic definition seeds and spores are not alive because they remain dormant for hundreds of years without any visible metabolism.

3. There are exceptions to the metabolic definition because some living organisms are inclined to change their inner structure and properties during their life cycles.

C

1. The biochemical definition is inconsistent because viruses cannot reproduce.

2. Modern scientists agree that the biochemical definition is better than other theories and there are virtually no arguments against it.

3. The biochemical definition of life places an emphasis on the fact that all living organisms contain hereditary information in the form of certain biochemical structures such as nucleic acids.

D

1. The genetic definition relies on such characteristics of living organisms as replication and evolution.

2. The genetic definition concludes that since a replicating organism has no obvious benefits from replication some living beings (e.g. hybrids) do not replicate.

3. According to the genetic definition it is improbable that a variety of modern living forms might have evolved from one common ancestor.

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