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Lexical transformations.

Grammatical transformation.

Lexical, grammatical, lexico-grammatical transformations in the process of translation.

There may be three types of transformations resorted to in the process of translation:

l) objectively required by the peculiarities of the TL, i.e., inevitable or they are called grammatical;

2) subjectively introduced at the translator's own will and therefore not always unavoidable, or lexical transformations;

3) a mixed type of lexico-grammatical. All of them require structural/outer alterations. Moreover, each of them may be realized both on syntactic as well as on the lexical level units.

Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.

I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це зробити сам, але не зробив.

The perfect infinitive expresses unaccomplished action; as there are no Ukrainian equivalent form we use lexical means. Thus, equivalence can be best achieved if the translator does not intent to mirror or copy the grammatical forms.

Very often the part of speech changes in translation, it is called substitution or conversion. It's often used because English uses more verbal forms while Ukrainian has more nominal forms: Bionics has many application beyond the field of medicine -Біоніка широко застосовується і поза межами медицини adj → adv, n →v.

Such substitution often cause restructuring of the sentence and changing ofword order (permutation).

They have been working on the theory construction for years. -Вони роками працюють над побудовою цієї теорії.

The subject of the sentence may be omitted in Ukrainian-it is called zero transformations. The door will not open - Двері неможливо відчинити -The subject the door is transformed into object.

The combination of two simple sentence is called integration or fusion. The devision of the long sentence into two or more sentence is called partening. Sometimes they are called reduction and extension).

Objectively predetermined are transformations of the passive voice constructions by active voice, of the objective with the infinitive or participle constructions /complexes, gerundial and nominative absolute participle constructions, national idioms. They are grammatical transformations combined with lexical.

The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspondences. Such changes are called contextual substitutions or lexical transformations.

The choice of a more specific word in translation that gives a more detailed description of the idea is a common case in English-Ukrainian translation. English often uses general terms to describe definite objects or actions. We resort to specification: The focus is on the description of the selection process itself. - Тут увага зосереджується на описі самого процесу відбору.

The opposite procedure is the use of more general equivalent -generalization.

A young man of 6 feet 2 inches - Молодий чоловік вище середнього зросту

Another type is called modulation -logical development of the meaning. It involves the creation of an equivalent by replacing a unit in SL with a TL unit, the meaning of which can be logically deduced from it, it is just another way of referring to the same object or an aspect of the same situation.

He let me sit in front with the drive. - Він дозволив сісти мені в кабіну.

Additions are resorted to with the aim of achieving the necessary expressiveness. It becomes necessary in the TL either in order to express more clearly the content of the SL unit, or for the sake of achieving some stylistic effect." I'm so glad you've asked me, darling" -"Я дуже радий, що ти мене запитала про це, люба"

Often occurring are also omissions, which may be of two types:

a) objectively required - (articles, pronouns) -he has his hands in his pockets - він тримає руки в кишенях; -Oh, I like them I really do.-О, вони подобаються мені. Справді.

b) casual or subjectively introduced.

Читайте також:

1. Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.
2. Arrange the following units into two lexical and two terminological sets. I Give them corresponding names.
3. Lecture 12. Evolution of the ME Lexical System.
4. Lexical differences between languages
5. Lexical meaning and its structure.
6. Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
7. The relationship between the lexical meaning and the notion.
8. Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.

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