I. Look at the following sentences and identify the form and function of the infinitives used in them

1. Lacking rigid cell walls, animals, unlike plants, are unable to utilize high osmotic pressures to regulate the intake of materials from the environment.

2. Animals are believed to have arisen evolutionary from ancestral Protista by a process of division of labour among cells.

3. The other 28 animal phyla are generally thought to have been derived from a flatworm or a flatworm-like ancestor.

4. The leaves are the chief organs of food production (photosynthesis), whereas roots serve to anchor the plant in space and to absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil.

5. The root cap is also the structure that detects the pull of gravity and thus causes the root to grow downward.

6. When a bud begins to expand or a seed germinates, the cells of the apical meristem undergo mitosis, and soon three primary meristems develop from it.

II. Change the highlighted parts of the following sentences using the infinitive or infinitive constructions

1. It appears that certain sensory organs, such as eyes, have evolved quite independently in different animal groups.

2. Some fishes have electroreceptors with which they measure electric fields.

3. In very many animals chemical cues are responsible for elaborate communications about paths which they should follow, dangers which they should avoid, and other important events.

4. Most scientists consider that earth and the moon formed at the same time and in the same part of the solar system approximately 4.5 billion years ago.

5. The surface of Venus is so hot that it cannot maintain liquid water.

6. Any theory for the evolution of life from non-living systems requires an energy source that drives the chemical reactions.

7. It is believed that the lack of atmospheric shielding of earth’s surface from ultraviolet light prevented living organisms from having evolved in exposed locations.

8. It was very kind that you helped me with my laboratory work.

9. The Monera of today are astoundingly diverse, and it is likely that they represent the current products of many independent evolutionary lines that have been separate for millions of years.

10. Scientists were surprised when they learnt that the actual number of human genes is far lower than expected — only about 31,000 genes compared to the predicted 100,000 genes.

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Vocabulary notes	\|	III. Translate the sentences below into English using the infinitive or infinitive constructions

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