IX. Translate the following sentences into English using the focus words from the previous exercise

1. Те, як виникла клітина залишається відкритим та активно досліджуваним питанням науки.

2. Нещодавні дослідження показали, що навіть клітини мозку, які раніше вважалися нездатними здійснювати мітоз, зазнають поділу у тій частині мозку, яка пов’язана із пам’яттю.

3. Починаючи з 50-х років 20 століття важливим напрямком досліджень стало застосування молекулярної біології у вивченні еволюційного процесу.

4. За допомогою сучасних комп’ютерних технологій лікарі, сидячи у своїх кабінетах, можуть легко оглядати пацієнтів, які знаходяться за тисячі миль від них.

5. Дізнатися про доісторичну медицину нам допомагає вивчення стародавніх піктограм, які зображають медичні процедури, та хірургічних інструментів, які знаходять під час археологічних розкопок.

6. Подальші дослідження планет Сонячної системи допоможуть пролити світло на таємницю походження життя та Землі.

7. Засновник френології, німецький лікар Франц Йозеф Гал, вважав, що ретельне вивчення черепа індивіда може надати інформацію про його розумові здібності.

8. Коли це тільки було можливо, Кора і Філ виходили досліджувати довколишню територію.

9. Лікарі, які досліджують причини цієї хвороби, вважають, що скоро їм вдасться знайти ліки від неї.

10. Група вчених вивчає вплив стресу на хімічні процеси в організмі.

FOCUS ON GRAMMAR

I. Look at the following sentences and identify the types of conditionals in them

1. If these were the only processes of evolutionary change, the organization of living things would gradually disintegrate.

2. If we now know and understand most of the mechanisms of organic evolution, why are there still any disagreements about the broad subject itself?

3. Even if these gracile and robust australopithecines had been making stone artifacts, it is most unlikely that their tools would have found their way into a carnivore's lair.

4. If it is accepted that all of these skeletons inherited their structures from a common ancestor and became modified only as they adapted to different ways of life, the similarity of their structures makes sense

5. If humans did not overuse natural resources, many species wouldn’t have become extinct.

II. Match the halves of the sentences from columns A and B

A B

1. If natural selection rewards those who have the highest reproductive success,… 2. Darwin stated that all living creatures multiply so rapidly that, if left unchecked,… 3. If acquired characteristics could be inherited,… 4. Unless extraordinary defense mechanisms existed in Precambrian times,… 5. If species become too narrowly adapted to a given environment,… 6. If new genes are produced in a freely interbreeding population,… 7. If African human populations had developed tools that allowed them to hunt large game effectively,… 8. If large numbers of organic molecules were somehow synthesized on the primitive Earth,… 9. When a chlorophyll-containing cell is exposed both to light and to oxygen, it is killed,… 10. If a baby inherited a defective recessive allele from just one parent,…

a) …they may ultimately lose the genetic variation necessary to survive sudden changes. b) …they would soon overpopulate the world. c) …there would not necessarily be much trace of them today. d) …they would have had a reliable source of food wherever they went. e) …unless it also contains an accessory carotenoid pigment. f) …no disease would results. g) …how could sterile worker bees come about by natural selection when worker bees devote themselves to others and do not reproduce? h) …life near the Earth's surface would have been impossible.… i) …they will gradually be spread throughout the population j) …we should be able to demonstrate it experimentally.

III. Choose the appropriate word or word combination to complete the following sentences: if, even if, unless, provided, providing, otherwise, but for, in case

1. Phenylketonuria, which results from lack of the enzyme, causes permanent brain damage ______ treated soon after birth.

2. Better medicine enables more people to survive to reproductive age, ______ they carry mutations that in past generations would have caused their early death.

3. Organisms could not grow or function properly ______ the genetic information encoded in DNA was not passed from cell to cell.

4. But heredity is not a perfectly conservative process; ______, evolution could not have taken place.

5. ______ a child inherits the allele for tongue rolling from at least one parent, he or she will be able to roll the tongue.

6. Mutations that change one or even several amino acids may have a small or undetectable effect on the organism's ability to survive and reproduce ______ that the essential biological function of the coded protein is not hindered.

7. ______ an individual’s genetic information becomes widely available, it could give health insurers cause to deny coverage to people with certain risk factors or encourage employers to reject certain high-risk job applicants.

8. Because some of the bones are crushed and distorted, the face and braincase are warped and provide less anatomical information than they _______ would.

9. Recent research, however, suggests that bacteria may retain their resistance to antibiotics over many generations, ______ they have not been exposed to the agent.

10. ______ the evolutionary process, the number and diversity of species inhabiting our planet wouldn’t be so impressive.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. You will hear a text about one the most outstanding naturalists of all times Charles Darwin. Before listening discuss the words and expressions in the box with your fellow students and teacher

clergyman the Church of England stellar figure meticulous and painstaking observer collector of specimens be taken aboard adhere to a theory cast doubt on something

tortoise mockingbird finch edition embody favourable natural variations improve adaptively over the preceding generations orthodox theological opinion the Royal Society

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<== попередня сторінка	\|	наступна сторінка ==>
VII. Use the words from exercise V to fill in the blanks in the following sentences	\|	II. Listen to the text and say whether the following statements are true or false

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