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The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect.

An action expressed ,by the Past Indefinite belongs exclusively to the sphere of the past, while the Present Perfect shows that a past occurrence is connected with the present time.

She is not well and has changedvery much of late.

She changedvery much a great many years ago. (Dickens)

The Present Perfect is never used with such adverbial modifiers of the past time as yesterday, the other day, last week etc. With such adverbial modifiers as to-day, this week etc. both the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite are used. The tenses are used according to the principle mentioned above (§ 4, § 18).

I have toldyou three times this week that she is coming home for a year.

(Dreiser)

I want your sister, the woman who gaveme money today. (Dickens)

With the adverb just the Present Perfect is used.

I havejust hireda new pianist from St. Joe — a Negro. (Dreiser)

With the expression just now the. Past Indefinite is used.

I sawyou come in just now. (Dreiser)

Just now is less frequent than just.

THE PAST PERFECT

The formation of the Past Perfect.

1. The Past Perfect is formed by means of the Past Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb.

2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.

3. The contracted affirmative forms are:

I’d written

We’d written

The contracted negative forms are:

I hadn’t written

We hadn’t written

4. The negative-interrogative forms are:

{Had he not written?

Hadn’t he written?

{Had you not written?

Hadn’t you. written?

Читайте також:

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2. An unusual present
3. Ask your friend the following questions, present the results to the whole group.
4. B. Expressing Past and Present
5. B. Put the verb into the most suitable form with future meaning, Present progressive or Present simple.
6. C. Choose the best alternative between Present simple and Present Perfect.
7. Change Present Continuous into Present Perfect and translate the sentences into Russian
8. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about the future. Use Will/won't or the present simple (I see / he plays / it is etc.).
9. Complete the sentences. Use the Present Continuous.
10. Complete these sentences with the present/past perfect passive form of the verbs in brackets.
11. Exercise 1. Поставьте глагол в главном предложении в Past Indefinite и сделайте необходимые преобразования в придаточном предложении.
12. Exercise 2. Practise the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Simple Tenses.

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