МАРК РЕГНЕРУС ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ: Наскільки відрізняються діти, які виросли в одностатевих союзах
РЕЗОЛЮЦІЯ: Громадського обговорення навчальної програми статевого виховання ЧОМУ ФОНД ОЛЕНИ ПІНЧУК І МОЗ УКРАЇНИ ПРОПАГУЮТЬ "СЕКСУАЛЬНІ УРОКИ" ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІЙНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСНОВИ ПОРУШЕННЯ СТАТЕВОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ ПІДЛІТКІВ Батьківський, громадянський рух в Україні закликає МОН зупинити тотальну сексуалізацію дітей і підлітків Відкрите звернення Міністру освіти й науки України - Гриневич Лілії Михайлівні Представництво українського жіноцтва в ООН: низький рівень культури спілкування в соціальних мережах Гендерна антидискримінаційна експертиза може зробити нас моральними рабами ЛІВИЙ МАРКСИЗМ У НОВИХ ПІДРУЧНИКАХ ДЛЯ ШКОЛЯРІВ ВІДКРИТА ЗАЯВА на підтримку позиції Ганни Турчинової та права кожної людини на свободу думки, світогляду та вираження поглядів
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III. Make up a plan of the text.IV. Translate the paragraph in italics in a written form. V. Questions for discussion:
VI. Render the text in brief in a written form. TEXT C I. Mind the following words and word-combinations:
II. Listen to the text ‘THE MAJOR PARTS OF A SHOE’ and decide if the statements are true or false:
III. Listen to the text again and be ready to answer the questions: 1. What does the overall quality of the shoe depend on? 2. What are the functions of the upper in relevance with the materials used?
UNIT X LASTS TEXT A I. Read and remember the words and their translation:
II. Read and remember the following phrases:
III. Read and translate the following text:
Last A last is usually a generalized anatomical representation of the human foot shape. It is the form in the rough form of a human foot. The word 'last' is derived from the old Anglo-Saxon word 'laest' which means footprint or foot track. A shoe last is the solid form around which a shoe is molded. The last determines the fit and feel of the shoe as well as 'wear performance'. It is used in shoemaking to provide the fit and style of a shoe. It is used by cordwainers or shoemakers in the manufacture or repair of shoes. Lasts come in pairs. They can be 'straight' or 'curved' (flared) - inflared or outflared with toes of round, pointed or square forms. The main parts of a shoe last include toe spring, heel height and cone or instep. Other subcomponents are illustrated in the picture 1.2. Traditionally, shoe lasts were made of such specially selected hardwoods as either European bass hard wood or hard rock maple such as grows in colder weather which did not increase in shape for the brief period when wet materials were laid on them during shoe manufacture. But now modern day shoe lasts are mainly made of special high-molecular-weight, high-density polyethylene plastic (HMW-HDPE) as they don't swell or shrink and that are 100% recyclable. Besides, lasts made of HMW-HDPE allow for many tack holes without repairs to the bottoms. Metal lasts are also used in some manufacturing processes. Today, high fashion shoe designers farm out shoe production to China, where lasts are commonly made of HMW-HDPE and the plastic is recycled and reformed for different seasons. The only cordwainers still using wood lasts are the few in Italy, Germany, Denmark, Sweden and England. And some older American cowboy boot makers prefer wood lasts to bottom custom footwear. The material of a last does not affect the fit; but the shape and size of a last do affect the fit, and must accommodate the factory machinery used to finish the shoe. The material used to make the last must be firm enough to withstand the pressure applied by the pullover machines when bottoming the shoe. Both plastic lasts and wood lasts easily hold small tacks (called lasting tacks) which are used to preliminarily fasten areas of the shoe onto the last during before the sole is added. The process of stretching upper on to last is called lasting. The upper is stretched over the last and attached at the bottom. Strain is applied at different points on the upper to stretch it on. All the stretch is taken out of leather during lasting, such that the shoe maintains the last shape. Almost all footwear is made on lasts, a form that creates the footwear's size, fit and style. There are many types of lasts which reflect the type of footwear and feet they are designed for. Different types of footwear require lasts with different characteristics. Open-toe sandal style will use a last that allows the toes to spread out, while a boot last is designed to hug the instep for a closer fit. In manufacturing today, last design is on a computer software platform like New Last Technology and includes the top pattern and toe styles. Cordwainers or custom shoemakers use custom molded and other specialty lasts to produce shoes to meet the needs of their customers. These lasts are made from various modern materials that can withstand the constant tacking pinning and wet environment. Many custom footwear makers make lasts for their customers, shaped to maintain a form best suited to the customer's feet. IV. Answer the questions:
V. Complete the sentences with the words from the text: lasting, curved, pullover machines, to spread out, fit, cordwainers, boot, HMW-HDPE, footprint, wood
VI. Find the English equivalents to the words: колодка, форма ноги, носочка частина, тверда порода дерева, верх взуття, низ взуття, тиск, виготовлений на замовлення, відбиток ноги, натягування, висота каблука, прямий, вогнутий, формовати, посадка, розмір взуття VII. Make up sentences with the terms: foot shape, footprint, the fit and feel, wear performance, toes, heel height, instep, selected hardwoods, HMW-HDPE, bottom, custom footwear, to withstand, stretching upper, open-toe sandal style, cordwainer VIII. Give definitions to the words: cordwainer, specialty lasts, top pattern, instep, lasting, upper, strain, bottom, lasting tacks, pullover machine, HMW-HDPE, recyclable, toe spring, cone, last, wear performance IX. Translate the sentences into English:
X. Speak on the topic using the following words and word-combinations: representation of the human foot shape, the old Anglo-Saxon word 'laest', solid form, to determine, wear performance, types of lasts, manufacture, repair, subcomponents, lasting, styles, different types of footwear, to meet the needs of their customers, wet environment, various modern materials Text B I. Read and remember:
II. Read the text and define the main idea of it: Читайте також:
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