III. Fill in the spaces in the following text using a suitable form of the word given at the end of the lines. The first is given as an example

Cytogenetic techniques are widely used by geneticists. Older cytogenetic techniques involve ______ cells in paraffin wax, slicing thin sections, and preparing them for ______ study. The ______ and faster squash technique involves squashing entire cells and studying their chromosomes. Dyes that ______ stain ______ parts of the cell are used; the genes, for example, may be located by selectively staining the DNA of which they are composed. Radioactive compounds also are ______ in determining the ______ of various components of the cell. Tissue-culture techniques may be used to ______ cells before squashing; white blood cells can be grown from samples of human blood and studied with the squash technique.

wide place microscope new select vary value locate growth

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

I. You will hear a text about human genetic disorders. Before listening discuss the words in the box with your fellow students and your teacher

physical deformity metabolic dysfunction mental retardation allele to inhibit severe disability cystic fibrosis

salt imbalance thick, suffocating mucus Huntington’s disease involuntary movements dementia hemophilia

clotting proteins to have a devastating effect fetus to die prenatally miscarriage shortened life expectancy

II. Fill in the table below with the missing information

Name of the disease	Problems caused	Type of genetic disorder
cystic fibrosis		single gene disorder caused by a recessive allele
	……… ………, ………, death	single gene disorder caused by a dominant allele
hemophilia
	……… ………, short stature, ……… ………, shortened life expectancy

III. Listen to the text again and summarize it using the following words and expressions

inherited diseases; altered genes; chromosomal abnormalities; physical defects; metabolic dysfunction; mental retardation;

disturbances in the body’s biochemical processes; single-gene disorder dominant-recessive pattern of inheritance; X chromosome; defective chromosomal structure.

SPEAKING

Speak about genetics covering the following issues:

a) what is genetics;

b) divisions of genetics;

c) methods and techniques used in modern genetics;

d) practical applications of genetics in medicine, agriculture, industry, etc.;

E) genetic abnormalities in humans and diseases they cause.

Lesson 4

ECOLOGY

PRE-READING TASKS

I. Answer the following questions

· How do you understand the word ‘ecology’?

· Why do you think the profession of ecologist has gained importance in recent years?

· How can you characterize human influence on natural ecosystems?

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I. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example in (0)	\|	II. Listen to the following words and practice their pronunciation

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