MIDDLE ENGLISH AND NEW ENGLISH TEXTS
Text 1. From the Prologue to the CANTERBURY TALES by G. Chaucer (Lines 1-14), London, late 14th c. Read the text observing the rules of pronunciation and the stresses (see the transcription and translation in § 36l). Point out ME innovations in spelling. Study the models of analysis and the commentary.
Lines 1-4
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour,
Of which vertu engendred is the flour...
(continued in § 361 )
Model of Grammatical and Etymological Analysis
Words as used in the text
Analysis, notes
OE or foreign prototype
Corresponding NE word, translation
whan that
conj
OE hwænne, pron inter., pæt pron, conj
WHEN, THAT ‘when’
Aprille
n prop.
O Fr avrill, L aprilis
APRIL
with
prep
OE wip prep
WITH
his
pron poss.
OE his pron pers., M., Gen. (or Poss. ) c.
HIS
shoures
n, Comm. c. pl
OE scūr M.-a, F.-ō
SHOWER
soote
adj, pl.
OE swōte/swēte
SWEET
the
def. art.
OE sē, sēo, pӕt dem. pron
THE
droghte
n, Comm, c, sg
OE drūʒoð
DROUGHT
of
prep
OE of
OF
March
n prop.
O Fr mars, dial. march, L martius
MARCH
hath perced
Pres. Perf. of percen, 3rd p. sg
OE habban O Fr percier
PIERCE
roote
n, Comm. c. sg
O Scand rót
ROOT
and
conj
OE and
AND
bathed
Pres. Perf. (hath bathed) of bathen v, w. II
OE baðian v, w. II
BATHE
veyne
n, Comm. c. sg
O Fr veine
VEIN
swich
pron indef.
OE swilc
SUCH
licour
n, Comm. c. sg
O Fr licur, L liquor
LIQUOR
‘moisture’
vertu
n , Comm. c. sg
O Fr vertu
VIRTUE ‘force’
flour
n , Comm. c. sg
O Fr flour
FLOWER
‘blossoming’
Model of Phonetic Analysis
(the words are selected from Lines 1-14)
Words as used in the text
Changes of spelling and sounds
OE
ME
NE
that
pæt
that
THAT
[æ]
>
[a]
>
[ӕ]
[θ]
[θ]
>
[ð]
æ, p replaced by a, th
shoures (shour)
scur
shour/showr
SHOWER
[sk’]
>
[ʃ]
[ʃ]
[u:r]
>
[au]
u, sc replaced by ou/ow, sh
bathed (bathen)
baðode
bathed
BATHED
[a]
[a:]
>
[eɪ]
[ode]
>
[ede]
>
[d]
ð replaced by th
sonne
sunne
sunne/sonne
SUN
[u]
[u]
>
[ʌ]
u replaced by o or retained
foweles (fowel)
fuʒol
fowl/foul
FOWL
[uγ]
[u:]
>
[au]
nyght
neaht/niht
nyght/night
NIGHT
[ix'] > [i:]
>
[aɪ]
h replaced by gh, y by i/y
nature
—
nature
NATURE
[a:]
>
[eɪ]
[tjur]
>
[tʃə]
seken
sēcan
seken/seeken
SEEK
[e:]
[e:]
>
[i:]
c, e replaced by k, ee.
Notes on Syntax
See § 144.
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