· Step 2. Look over the 8 headings given in the table.
· Step 3. Skim each paragraph to identify the topic.
Match the given 9 headings with the 9 paragraphs of the text:
Straightforward and variable adaptation of English
What is ELF?
Do I speak ELF?
Lingua franca
Neutral and democratic lingua francas
Is ELF ‘bad’ English?
Does ELF exclude all use of other languages?
Is ELF 'learner English'?
English as a lingua franca(ELF)
Identifying where to find information
· Step 1. Survey introductory and concluding paragraphs, and identify the core ideas of the passage.
· Step 2. Skim the rest of the passage to make sure.
· Step 3. Scan the text to find the correct wording of its main idea, the topic, and the purpose, write out the key words from each paragraph.
· Step 4. Skim the text for examples of descriptions, step-by-step explanations, directions, comparisons and contrasts, analyses, analogies, and definitions.
a/ The main idea is what the author has in mind when s/he is writing a text. Which one of the sentences given below most closely renders the main idea of the text?
1. Lingua francaisa vehicular language, i.e. a language for communication.
2. Lingua franca is potentially more neutral than regional or national languages since they are not directly connected to the primary lingua-culture of any fixed speech community.
3.ELF should be viewed as a flexible mode of communication rather than as a fixed code.
4. Being a variable intercultural adaptation based on English, ELF is determined by accommodative strategies between the speakers.
5. ELF is not bad or deficientEnglish – it is different in formfrom native speaker English and serves different functions.