II. Read the following text paying attention to the highlighted words. Explain or interpret the contextual meaning of the underlined phrases

195. Значення та роль договорів у біржовій та іншій діяльності, пов'язаній із цінними паперами.

196. Цінні папери як собливий об'єкт договорів із цінними паперами.

197. Ознаки договорів із цінними паперами.

198. Класифікація договорів із цінними паперами.

199. Способи набуття права власності на цінні папери та права за цінними паперами.

200. Момент виникнення права власності на цінні папери та на права за цінними паперами.

201. Види послуг із цінними паперами.

202. Загальна характеристика договорів про надання послуг.

Unit 1

Lesson 1

BIOLOGY – THE SCIENCE OF LIFE

PRE-READING TASKS

I. Answer the following questions

· What is the subject matter of biological science?

· What branches of modern biology can you name?

· Why did you choose to study biology?

II. Listen to the following words and practice their pronunciation

Biology, science, discipline, zoology, botany, molecule, molecular, population, biophysics, biochemistry, nucleic acid, protein, heredity, organismal, cellular, multicellular, developmental, physiology, nervous, neurophysiology, behaviour, ethology, evolutionary, gene, genetics, ecology, natural, habitat, sociobiology, human, biomedicine, anthropology.

READING COMPREHENSION AND VOCABULARYDEVELOPMENT

I. Match each word on the left to its correct definition on the right

1) encompass, v 2) scope, n 3) segregation, n 4) cogent, adj 5) span, v 6) breakthrough, n 7) interaction, n 8) neglect, n 9) boundary, n 10) habitat, n 11) fluid, adj

a) a mutual or reciprocal action or influence; b) to stretch or extend across, over, or around; c) lack of due care or attention; negligence; d) separation, setting apart; e) the range of things that a subject, activity, book, etc. deals with; f) the natural home of a plant or animal; g) forcefully convincing; h) something that indicates the farthest limit, as of an area; i) to include entirely or comprehensively; j) a significant development or discovery, esp. in science; k) (1) liquid; (2) constantly changing or apt to change.

II. Read the following text paying attention to the highlighted words. Explain or interpret the contextual meaning of the underlined phrases

Biology is the science of life. The term biology was introduced in Germany in 1800 and popularized by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck as a means of encompassing the growing number of disciplines involved with the study of living forms. The scope of biological science is so broad that it has been subdivided into separate branches for convenience of study. Despite apparent differences, all the subdivisions are interrelated by basic principles that underlie all biological manifestations.

It was once the custom to separate the study of plants (botany) from that of animals (zoology), and the study of the structure of organisms (morphology) from that of function (physiology). The English zoologist Thomas Henry Huxley was the first to insist that the conventional segregation of zoology and botany was intellectually meaningless and that all living things should be studied in an integrated way. Huxley’s approach to the study of biology is even more cogent today, because scientists now realize that many lower organisms are neither plants nor animals. The limits of the science, however, have always been difficult to determine, and as the scope of biology has shifted over the years, its subject areas have been changed and reorganized.

The current approach to the study of living things is based on the levels of biological organization involved — whether molecules, cells, individuals, or populations — and on the specific subject matter under investigation—for example, structure and function, types and classification, and growth and development.

Molecular biology, which spans biophysics and biochemistry, has made the most fundamental contributions to modern biology. Much is now known about the structure and action of nucleic acids and protein, the key molecules of all living matter. The discovery of the mechanism of heredity was a major breakthrough in modern science. Another important advance was in understanding how molecules conduct metabolism, that is, how they process the energy needed to sustain life.

Cellular biology is closely linked with molecular biology. To understand the functions of the cell — the basic structural unit of living matter — cell biologists study its components on the molecular level. Organismal biology, in turn, is related to cellular biology, because the life functions of multicellular organisms are governed by the activities and interactions of their cellular components. The study of organisms includes their growth and development (developmental biology) and how they function (physiology). Particularly important are investigations of the brain and nervous system (neurophysiology) and animal behaviour (ethology).

Population biology became firmly established as a major subdivision of biological studies in the 1970s. Central to this field is evolutionary biology, in which the contributions of Charles Darwin have been fully appreciated after a long period of neglect. Population genetics, the study of gene changes in populations, and ecology, the study of populations in their natural habitats, have been established subject areas since the 1930s. These two fields were combined in the 1960s to form a rapidly developing new discipline often called, simply, population biology. Closely associated is a new development in animal-behaviour studies called sociobiology, which focuses on the genetic contribution to social interactions among animal populations.

Biology also includes the study of humans at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. If the focus of investigation is the application of biological knowledge to human health, the study is often termed biomedicine. Human populations are by convention not considered within the province of biology; instead, they are the subject of anthropology and the various social sciences. The boundaries and subdivisions of biology, however, are as fluid today as they have always been, and further shifts may be expected.

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